The Pekin duck (Anas Boschas) is the main line used for poultry meat production. It plays a significant role on the Asian continent, being one of the most important sources of meat for human consumption. In Brazil, most of the production is located in the South region, with the state of Santa Catarina being the largest producer and consumer. Considering the importance of the species for the world economy and consumption, the objective of this study was to: analyze the growth rate and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in Pekin ducks from birth to the pre-laying phase; and evaluate the effect of including different levels of maltodextrin in the final period of incubation in eggs on hatchery parameters, metabolism and intestinal morphometry. Two experiments were carried out, the first evaluated 1,370 birds, 1,100 females and 270 males for 21 weeks. The birds were weighed (10% of the flock – 100 females and 25 males) at birth and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 21. Blood collections were carried out at weeks 1, 7, 14 and 21 consisting of 40 birds of both sexes. Serum calcium and magnesium analyzes were performed and mortality and viability were determined at the end of the experiment at 21 weeks of age. The data were subjected to variance and regression analyzes using Statgraphics 18 ® software. There was an effect of sex on the average weight of birds (P<0.05) at 6, 13, 23, 64, 80, 94, 111, 126 and 146 days of age, with greater weight gain being observed in males, with 62, 129, 102, 194, 440, 417, 397, 544 and 419 g, respectively (P<0.01). Pekin ducklings remained with an accelerated growth rate until 10 days of age and after this period, weight gain was less intense until 21 weeks of age. Males had a higher mortality rate compared to females (18.40% vs. 7.78%). There was an interaction between sex and age of birds on serum levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) (P<0.01). In week 14, higher Ca levels were observed in males compared to females. Higher Mg levels were observed in males at 21 weeks of age. In the second experiment, 1,080 eggs of Pekin ducks were incubated between 34 and 42 weeks of laying, in a multi-stage incubator. Each week, 120 eggs were incubated. On day 22 of incubation, the eggs were weighed individually and 80 eggs weighing between 75 to 85 grams were selected, distributed randomly among the four experimental treatments, 0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% maltodextrin. After 25 days of incubation, the eggs were cleaned and inoculated with 250 µL of saline-based nutrient solution associated with maltodextrin at concentrations of 0, 1.5; 3 and 4.5% in amniotic fluid according to treatment. The inoculation hole was sealed with paraffin and the eggs were transferred to the hatcher. At birth, after 28 days of incubation, the ducklings were weighed individually, and those with abnormal development and poorly healed navels were excluded. In weeks 35, 39 and 42, 5 ducks per treatment were euthanized and blood, liver and portions of the duodenum and ileum were collected, in addition to the proventriculus, liver and gizzard weighing. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. There was an interaction between maltodextrin and week of production on birth weight and proventriculus and gizzard weights (P<0.05). The highest birth weights were observed at week 41 with the inclusion of 1.5% maltodextrin and at week 42 with the inclusion of 3.0% maltodextrin. The inclusion of 3.0% maltodextrin in ovo resulted in a higher hatchability rate and smaller absorption surfaces in both the duodenum and ileum. With the present study it was possible to determine the growth rate and calcium profile, in addition to establishing maltodextrin as an effective carbohydrate in the in ovo nutrition of Peking ducks.

Brazilian poultry farming stands out for its integration system, competitiveness and increasing incorporation of high-level technology in its farms. The aim of this study was to compare the zootechnical and economic results between two broiler housing technologies, the conventional (positive ventilation) and the fully automaticclimate control system (negative ventilation), and. determine which is the most sustainable one. Statistical analysis was performed on a database of 20,443 flocks of heavy broilers, from an agroindustry in eight regions of Brazil during 2020 and 2021. For the zootechnical evaluation, the response variables considered were feed conversion, average live weight , total and partial condemnation of the carcasses, and total mortality. For the economic evaluation, the annual production costs of each technology were calculated, considering the following items with the greatest impact: food, labor, electricity, firewood for heating, depreciation of invested capital and maintenance of facilities and equipment. The effect of the type of technology was significant in the evaluated zootechnical variables, and the adjusted averages were always favorable to the automatic climate control housing system. The total cost per ton of product delivered, after deducting losses due to total and partial condemnations, also indicated an economic advantage of the automatic systems. In conclusion, we have greater economic sustainability for the production of broilers in the fully automatic climate controle houses, both from the point of view of producers and the industry.

Enteric diseases in swine production, such as proliferative enteritis, are prophylactically treated through the addition of subtherapeutic dosages of antimicrobials in animal feed. The use of antimicrobials on a large scale, however, contributes to the emergence of multiresistant bacteria. In this sense, the vaccination procedure can be an important measure to prevent proliferative enteritis in pigs, potentially contributing to reducing the use of antimicrobials in animal production and, consequently, promoting the one health principle. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the intramuscular vaccination for Lawsonia intracellularis as a strategy to abolish the use of antimicrobials against this agent in the feed throughout the nursery, growth, and finishing phases. A total of 900 male piglets, weaned at ~28 d-old, were selected and individually weighed. According to their weight, animals were assigned to three different treatments: T1: Medicated and non-vaccinated (piglets non-vaccinated for L. intracellularis receiving feed with antimicrobials anti-L. intracellularis); T2: Medicated and vaccinated (piglets vaccinated for L. intracellularis receiving feed with antimicrobials anti-L. intracellularis); T3: Vaccinated and non-medicated (piglets vaccinated for L. intracellularis receiving feed free of antimicrobials anti-L. intracellularis). The intramuscular vaccination was carried out on the second day of nursery housing using the Porcilis ileitis® (MSD Saúde Animal). The piglets were monitored throughout the nursery (n=900) and growth and finishing (n=792) phases, and subgroups of each treatment (n=30) were evaluated concerning the serum concentration of IgG anti-L. intracellularis (at 29, 49, 65, 98, 128, and 175 d-old) and the fecal excretion of L. intracellularis (qPCR; at 49, 65, 98, 128, and 175 d-old). Moreover, variables such as average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), drug intervention occurrence, antimicrobials consumption and cost, and mortality, were assessed. At slaughter, the pneumonia and pleurisy index (PPI) was registered. No difference in the fecal excretion of L. intracellularis was observed and, as expected, groups T2 and T3 had a higher percentage of seroconversion. The ADG value from group T3 over the nursery phase was lower (350.1 g) compared to the other groups (T1: 387.5 g and T2: 385.0 g; P<0.01), but no differences were found in the growth and finishing phase (P=0.37). The FC did not differ among the treatments during the nursery (P=0,56) or growth and finishing phases (P=0.23). The percentage of piglets medicated as well as the mortality in both phases did not differ among treatments (P≥0.13). In group T3, the consumption and cost of antimicrobials anti-L. intracellularis over the nursery, growth and finishing phases were 70% lower compared to groups T1 and T2. Regarding the PPI, all the groups showed pneumonia, however, with no significant risk to the herd (index from 0.56 to 0.89). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that intramuscular vaccination for L. intracellularis can be considered an effective and potential strategy to replace the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in swine production, with no impairment to animal health or performance.

Understanding the impact of contamination of swine ejaculates and productivity related to extrinsic factors is essential for the development of control measures. This can result in improving the quality of semen doses and minimizing the use of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of origin, housing location, age, and preputial washing on bacterial contamination and production of boar ejaculate doses. In experiment 1, 24 boars (186.6 ± 7.6 d) from a commercial genetic lineage were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design: two multiplier origins of the breeders, origin A (n=12) and origin B (n=12), and two housing sheds of the gene dissemination unit (UDG), shed 1 and shed 2. The boars remained in quarantine (30 d) and were then transferred to the main sheds (1 and 2) of the UDG. Shed 1 had air conditioning based on negative air pressure, slatted floors in the boar stalls, and compact floors in the corridors, while shed 2 had positive air pressure, fully slatted floors, and auxiliary fans located in the boar rows. During the boars' stay in the UDG sheds, 5 swab and preputial fluid collections were made, as well as pure ejaculate and diluted doses. Boars were kept on a weekly ejaculate collection regimen at the UDG for 196 d, and the same person managed them during the entire period. Sperm analyses (motility and morphology) in CASA system (AndroVision®, Minitub, Germany) and quantification of colony-forming units (CFUs) were performed. Boars from origin B housed in shed 2 had lower CFU counts (P<0.05) than boars from origin A, regardless of the shed (1.4 ± 0.2 vs 1.9 ± 0.1 Log10, respectively). In addition, a negative correlation (r= -0.27) was observed between age of boar and contamination of raw semen sample (P<0.01; considering age variation during the study). Furthermore, in terms of ejaculate quality and production of insemination doses, boars from origin A housed in shed 1 had a higher rate of discard due to poor morphology (P<0.0001), lower total motility of pure ejaculate (P<0.01), lower concentration/ejaculation (P<0.05), and as a result, a lower number of doses produced (P<0.01). Finally, origin A boars had a greater chance (4.4 times) of requiring medical intervention (antibiotics and anti-inflammatory) compared to origin B. In experiment 2, ejaculates (n=201) from 144 boars of the same genetic lineage were randomly divided into 2 groups: preputial washing (G1, n=81 ejaculates) and without preputial washing (G2, n=120 ejaculates). The boars were housed in the same shed and subjected to semen collection by the same person. Preputial washing consisted of infusing 120 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution divided between the preputial canal and diverticulum, and the washing was performed immediately before each collection. For all boars, fresh ejaculate and diluted doses were obtained, and for some boars (n=47), the pre-spermatic portion was collected independently of the group. Regarding CFUs, a difference (P<0.0001) was observed when comparing pure ejaculate between the groups with and without preputial washing (1.72 ± 0.08 vs 2.47 ± 0.14 Log10, respectively). No difference (P>0.05) was observed between the motility data of the groups with and without preputial washing. When comparing the level of contamination between the pre-spermatic portion and the rest of the pure ejaculate, the pre-spermatic portion had a higher CFU when compared to the rest of the ejaculate portion (2.85 ± 0.16 vs 2.02 ± 0.07, respectively; P<0.001). In conclusion, birth origin and housing shed and age of the boars had an effect on productivity of pure ejaculate contamination, insemination doses, and medical interventions. Preputial washing and the portion of the ejaculate influence the level of bacterial contamination in pure ejaculate.

The urbanization process is a global trend and one of the challenges of urban areas is to ensure food for the inhabitants. It is necessary to seek alternatives to ensure food in sufficient quality and quantity to meet the demand of the inhabitants of these regions. In this sense, FLOCponic is a viable alternative, as it is characterized by optimizing space, water resources and nutrients, making it possible to produce species of different trophic levels, such as fish and vegetables, in a single system. This work sought to improve the efficiency of sustainable food production by optimizing the use of nutrients in biofloc fish farming in an integrated way with vegetable cultivation. The cultivation of vegetables was carried out with the surplus nutrients from the food and excreta of the fish, thus optimizing the nutrients that would previously be unused, or that could even cause imbalance in the cultivation system. Twelve experimental units were used, consisting of two circular boxes with a capacity of 500L and 100L, of which 4 units Nile tilapia and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), 4 units (Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) + arugula (Eruca sativa)), and 4 units with only Nile tilapia (control), each experimental unit received 80 Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average weight of 3.39g. For water quality control, dissolved oxygen, temperature, water conductivity, ammonia (NH3), nitrite (N-NO2), nitrate (N-NO3), orthophosphate (PO4), alkalinity (CaCO3), pH and total suspended solids (TSS). The insertion of vegetables in the system increased the absorption of Nitrogen ( N ) and Phosphorus ( F ) from the system.

The objective of this work was to evaluate winter diets supplemented with ALL-PROTM, a food additive rich in DHA (126 g kg−1 dry weight) and nucleotides (5 g kg−1 dry weight), for fish produced in the field in the municipality of Rio Negrinho - SC, during the period from autumn to summer. Two isoenergetic diets were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of tilapia, the first simulating a commercial feed and the second supplemented with 1.7% of the additive. Nile tilapia juveniles, 16.09 ± 0.13 g, were stocked in 12 net cages (1.6 m3), arranged in an excavated tank, at a density of 45 fish per m3 and fed for 245 days, with water at a temperature average in the range of 20.00 ± 4.39°C. The design used was completely randomized, distributing two treatments (test and control) and six replications. Student's t test was used to compare all data obtained in this project and a significance level of 5% was adopted. The daily feeding rate was 3-6% of biomass during the initial growth phase and average upper temperature of 19°C. At lower temperatures, a gradual reduction to 0.75% was performed. During the experimental period, the minimum water temperature was 11°C, causing a great reduction in fish food consumption and affecting their growth. During this period, the fish presented a feeding behavior aimed only at their maintenance, without weight gain. Given the increase in daily averages in temperature, greater than 19°C and in animal growth, the feeding rate increased to 1.3-3% and continued until the end of the experiment. The indices of final weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, fillet yield, gutted fish and clean trunk (gutted fish without the head) occurred in the animals fed the test diet. Fish fed the control diet had higher food intake in percentage of daily live weight. In conclusion, the addition of the additive rich in DHA and nucleotides, at a rate of 1.7%, proved to be efficient to provide Nile tilapia juveniles with nutritional conditions for better thermoregulation at low temperatures.

This study aimed to evaluate the resistance and the hemato-immunological parameters of the Litopenaeus vannamei to the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge associated with thermal stress, after food supplementation with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% of Aurantiochytrium sp. microalgae inclusion. The shrimps were raised in 400L tanks, in triplicate, over a period of 63 days under suboptimal temperature (22°C), in a clear water system. The animals were fed four times a day and the amount of food was calculated by the programmed feed conversion method. For the WSSV challenge, 14 animals per treatment were transferred to 50L tanks, acclimated for 48h, and then orally infected with a total viral load of 2,6x106 per gram of animal. After infection, the shrimps were kept for 108 h under suboptimal temperature (22°C), followed by 12 h of temperature increase until reaching 28 °C (0,5 °C h-1) and 48 h more under optimal temperature (28°C), totaling 7 days. The mortality was monitored every 3 h throughout the entire infection. The hemolymph samples were collected after 96 h and 168 h after the viral infection. The data were tested for normality and homogeneity to meet ANOVA and MANOVA requirements. The treatments with 3% and 4% of Aurantiochytrium sp. supplementation showed lower mortality during the period under suboptimal temperature and at the end of the bioassay only the 4% level resulted in lower mortality (p<0.5), but no difference was observed in the hemato-immunological parameters between treatments (p>0,05). When using the multivariate analysis to evaluate the different parameters and conditions, it was observed that during the period under a temperature of 22°C the T0 differed from the other treatments, due to the significant increase in mortality in this period, as well as the reflections on the PO activity and the agglutination titer. Thus, the results suggest that Aurantiochytrium sp. supplementation, in particular the 4% level, may be satisfactory for shrimp production under suboptimal temperature and in mitigating the effects of stress due to thermal variation and viral infection.

The broiler after hatching is not immunocompetent and depends on the transfer of maternal antibodies by the egg to develop protection against pathogens in the first days of life, for example, against avian reovirus. Currently, it is not clear how the age of the broiler breeder influences the transfer of immunoglobulins in the progeny. This way, in this study, the objective is to evaluate the effect of breeder age on immunity and performance of broilers and its relationship to the development of rheoviral arthritis. Was used 3.600 male broilers, ROSS 95, from heavy breeders of different ages, being the treatments, T1: 31 weeks; T2: 33 weeks; T3: 37 weeks; T4: 44 weeks. The birds was distributed in 72 boxes, with 50 birds in each box, totaling 900 birds for each treatment. Performance analyzes was carried out on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day of age of the broilers, to obtain the average weight (AW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) and mortality (MT). Blood samples was collected from broiler at the ages of 1, 21 and 42 days for the evaluation of the immunological profile through the immunocrit technique and ELISA titration for the serological diagnosis of reovirus. Data was analyzed using the SAS software (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, v.9.4). For the performance results, the AW of the broilers at 21 days, the WG from 15 to 21 days; WG from 22 to 28 days and WG from 29 to 35 days showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05). The broilers from T3 showed higher AW at 21 days of age (1052.890g) and WG from 15 to 21 days (479.833g) in relation to the other treatments (P<0.05). The WG from 22 to 28 days and WG from 29 to 35 days was higher for broilers from younger breeders (T1) at 31 weeks of age, these results being 853.667g and 719.833g, respectively when compared to the other treatments (P< 0.05). The FC and MT values of the broilers did not differ between the ages of the breeders of each treatment (P>0.05). The results of immunocrit and titers of antibodies to reovirus of broilers at the ages of 1, 21 and 42 days was similar regardless of breeder age (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed for these two parameters of broilers at different ages (1, 21 and 42), but from the same breeder laying age (P<0.05). The present study demonstrated that the age of the breeder influenced the average weight of broilers in the growth phase (21 days old), being greater in those from breeders with 37 weeks, however, the weight gain between the growth/final phase (22 to 35 days) was higher for broilers from younger breeders, at 31 weeks. According to the immunocrit and titration of antibodies against reovirus, there was no influence of breeder age on broilers immunity.

Corn bran is a co-product obtained by the degermination of corn grain, the stage where the husk is removed and the corn germ is extracted, it goes through sieving which is responsible for purifying, reducing and extracting all the bran possible. The present work evaluated the feasibility of using a corn co-product, generated and/or produced in industry (mill), as a final binding agent for pelleted cattle feed. For this purpose, a formulation was selected from the dairy cattle line, pelleted feed with 22% protein, which is the company's flagship product sales. Different levels of corn bran were included in the formulation (5%; 7.5%; 10%; and 12.5%); to evaluate what would best represent a satisfactory level of pellet agglutination and its quality, and observe the effect of transportation on the completeness of the pellet to the rural property. The experiment was carried out on the premises of the feed factory and on rural properties. Samples were collected at three specific points: finished product silo; output scales in bulk; and in the customer's silo, totaling 30 monthly samples, covering 10 months of collection. Although the inclusion of corn bran did not influence the PDI, there was an improvement in the bromatological quality of the feed for fat, crude fiber and phosphorus. The variables hardness, dry matter and humidity were influenced by the feed collection location, and the further from the factory, the lower the humidity, the higher the hardness and DM. This result corroborates the relationship observed between distance from the property and pellet hardness, with the pellet having greater durability in more distant properties. The seasons had an influence on all variables studied, with the best pellet being observed in the summer season due to the highest hardness and PDI values. The inclusion of corn bran did not improve the pelletized quality of the feed.

The carcass quality and consequently the bovine meat quality are dependent on several intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the animals. Among the extrinsic factors we can mention the nutrition that the animal receives at the end. These factors alone or together will define the physicochemical, technological and sensory quality of the meat. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the finishing system on the lipid profile of the longissimus thoracis muscle in carcasses of certified breed. The experiment was conducted in slaughterhouses with inspection and breed certification. The carcass samplings were carried out by deliberate selection, being selected only the carcass of slaughtered Hereford males aged between 18 and 24 months, finished in pasture, semi-feedlot and feedlot. Thus, it was a completely randomized design with three treatments and 12 replications. Hot and cold carcass weight, age, finishing, pH, ribeye area (LEA), length, height and thickness of LEA fat, meat and fat color and the marbling. Moisture, ash and crude protein contents will be evaluated, as well as the quantification and identification of the lipid profile of the longissimus thoracis muscle of each carcass. Data were analyzed using the SAS program. There was a positive correlation between hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight of the animals (r=0.95), between pH and meat color (r=0.52), between fat color and age (r=0.83) and between LEA fat thickness and marbling (r=0.45). There was an effect of the finishing system on all carcass and meat characteristics of certified meat cattle evaluated (P<0.005), except for pH, LEA fat thickness and marbling (P>0.05). The two main components explained 53.60% of the variation in carcass and meat characteristics of certified meat cattle. It is expected that animals finished on pasture have meat with higher levels of omega-3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than animals finished in semi-feedlot and feedlot, bringing benefits to human health.

There are numerous causes of condemnation in the inspection lines of broilers, among them, bruises and fractures are relevant causes, leading to economic losses to the sector. In addition to the financial losses due to partial and total condemnation of carcasses and destinations for industrialization, bruises and fractures are characterized as quality problems, as they occurduring human or technological failures. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological risk related to bruises and fractures in parts of broiler carcasses that are removed, condemned or destined for industrialization. Recent bruises and fractures were evaluated, classified as technological failures during the industrial processing stages. The bruise samples were divided into chest (n=18), wing (n=18) and leg (n=28), totaling 64 samples. The samples were classified into four subgroups (control, mild, moderate, severe) according to the degree of injury, considering the macroscopic aspect of the piece and color. Fractures samples were evaluated in wing (n=22) and leg (n=15), totaling 37 samples. The samples were classified into three subgroups (control, white or red fracture) according to the presence or absence of hemorrhage. For each collected sample, of bruises and fractures, including the control group, five microbiological analyzes were performed to count Salmonella spp., mesophilic aerobes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens. In all analyzed samples of bruises nor fracture, no microbial growth for S. aureus, C. perfringens and Salmonella spp. were assessed. There was growth of mesophilic aerobes and E. coli., which are indicators of hygiene and handling, but at levels equivalent to those found in the control groups, that is, there was no increase in bacterial count in samples with bruise or fracture. It is concluded that the parts affected by recent bruises and fractures, according to the results obtained, tend to be safe for consumption, as long as correct measures for good manufacturing practices are adopted to avoid cross-contamination of these parts.

The aim of the present study is to verify the influence of subclinical mastitis on zootechnical and inflammatory markers in Jersey dairy cows. Zootechnical data, blood and milk samples were collected from 59 Jersey dairy cows kept in a semi-extensive system of a dairy farm located in Braço do Norte - SC. Milk samples were collected using an individual collector cup, sent refrigerated to laboratories of the Brazilian milk quality control network, for analysis of quality characteristics: somatic cell count (SCC), lactose (lact), protein , fat, total and defatted dry extract (ESD), casein, freezing point and urea nitrogen (Nul). Blood collection was performed after milking, by puncturing the coccygeal arteriovenous complex. Samples of the total diet supplied and of pastures were sent for chemical analysis. Samples for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers (Paraoxonase-1, albumin and total plasma proteins) were sent to the Nupeec laboratory at the Federal University of Pelotas - RS. From the zootechnical data, the body condition score, number of lactations, production, days in lactation, interval between calving, number of inseminations until conception, calving interval, conception and days of gestation were analyzed. Cows were categorized by somatic cell count (SCC) into a subclinical mastitis group (Gsub) with SCC results greater than or equal to 200,000 cells/ml and a control group (GC). Data on metabolic variables, milk quality and zootechnical data were submitted to multivariate regression and one-way analysis of variance, using the SAS program. In multivariate regression analysis, several markers influence milk composition, explaining almost 99% of the data, such as lactose, total protein and casein. In the analysis of variance, it was shown that GSub reduced the concentrations of lact (4.37 vs 4.47 %; P= 0.0002), of Nul (20.55 vs 23.85 mg/dL; P = 0.02 ) and ESD (9.24% vs 9.50%; P = 0.02). It was observed that the animals of the Gsub had higher numbers of lactations in relation to the CG (4.30 vs 2.69; P=0.0039). Based on the data obtained in our study, we concluded that Jersey cows with subclinical mastitis have a lower content of lactose, urea and defatted dry extract in their milk, as well as a higher number of lactations. Lactose proved to be a good marker in milk for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in Jersey cows.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of glycoelectrolytic supplement on performance, blood parameters and intestinal morphology of piglets in the post-weaning period. 240 piglets Agroceres PIC weaned in the age of 22.60 + 1.10 days and inicial average weight of 6.30 + 1.0 Kg were used. The control group (n=120) received only water and the treatment group (n=120) received the oral glycoelectrolytic supplement diluted in water (0,75%) in accessory troughs during the first three days after weaning. Were evaluated the parameters of feed consumption, daily weight gain, final weight, feeding conversion and mortality rate at 3, 7 and 49 days after weaning. The blood glucose analysis was made in all piglets in the third day of the experiment. Blood was collected from 12 piglets of each treatment on the third day after weaning for blood count analysis. After, the piglets were euthanized to collect fragments of duodenum and jejunum for anatomopathological and intestinal morphometric evaluations. The occurrence of diarrhea and feces runoff was verified in all piglets during the supply of glycoelectrolytic. The statistical analyses of performance data, blood parameters and intestinal morphometry was made using ANOVA with the comparison between averages by the F test, in a level of significance of 5%. According to the results, was observed a better feed conversion (1.29) in the piglets group supplemented with glycoelectrolytic and a higher consumption of liquids (0.639 L/day) in the third day after weaning (P<0,05). The supplemented group of piglets obtained a glycemic index (80.78 mg/dL), average corpuscular volume (67,35 fL) and average corpuscular hemoglobin (20.46 pg) superior to the group of control piglets (P<0,05). The evaluation of the intestinal integrity and the probability of occurrence of diarrhea was similar between the groups (P>0,05). The oral glycoelectrolytic supplement can be an option to piglets right after weaning, as it improved the feed conversion and the consumption of liquids, besides increasing blood glucose without the ocurrence of diarrhea, thus reducing dehydration and energy deficit.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causes of food contamination worldwide, caused by preformed staphylococcal enterotoxins in processed meats and/or dairy products. An important feature of staphylococcal enterotoxins is their great resistance to heat, freezing, drying, proteolytic enzymes and low pH, this allows them to persist after processing and treatment of food, even when the toxin-producing bacteria have been inactivated. In the present study, the frequency of staphylococcal enterotoxins in ready-to-eat meat products was examined. For this, 130 samples of ready-to-eat products (ham, ham, salami, smoked loin, pepperoni sausage and pâté), ready meals (smoked chicken, pizza, lasagna, strofonoff and pasta), raw material (mechanically separated meat (CMS) chicken) and fresh sausage. The samples were submitted to coagulase positive staphylococci counting using rapid counting plates (PetrifilmTM Staph Express 3M) and the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins using an enzyme immunoassay method (RIDASCREEN®). In total, 26 samples (20%) had coagulase positive Staphylococcus counts. And none of the samples (0%) was positive for staphylococcal enterotoxins. This low incidence shows the low risk of infection from the consumption of this type of food, as long as hygiene and control measures are followed in production.

The management of the replacement herd of a swine production system is a limiting factor to reach the breeding targets and piglet production. Annual rates varying between 40 and 50% of sow culling are commonly practiced. In ruminants, the supplementation of exogenous progesterone (P4) is used for puberty induction as well as for the cyclicity return after calving or during the beginning of the breeding season. However, this approach has not yet been tested in pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate both the effect of the long-acting injectable progesterone (iP4) to induce puberty in gilts and the reproductive performance. The study was carried out in a gilt development unit with a housing capacity for 2300 sows, located in the High Itajaí Valley region, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Firstly, the iP4 metabolism was characterized in contemporary prepubertal gilts (153 d). Four groups were formed, in which 150mg, 300mg, and 600mg of P4i (Sincrogest Injectable, Ourofino, Brazil) was injected i.m. in the treated groups and 1ml of saline solution in the control group. Serum P4 was measured on days D0, D2, D4, D8, D12, and D16. Secondly, the use of P4i was evaluated for inducing the estrus in gilts. Two replicates were used. In the first, 179±5 days-old gilts were divided into two groups: Control group (n=108), that received 2.0 ml of saline solution IM; iP4 group (n=106), that received 300 mg of iP4 IM. In the second replicate, 148±5 days-old prepubertal gilts were divided into two groups: Control group (n=110), that received 2.0 ml of saline solution IM; iP4 group (n=108), that received 300 mg of iP4. Estrus stimulation with a mature boar occurred once daily, in which the starting date consisted on the day of treatment, for the first replicate, and at 184 days-of-age, for the second replicate. Gilts that reached a minimum of 230 days of age and 130 kg of body weight were submitted to an intracervical artificial insemination with heterospermic semen doses, at a concentration of 2.5 x 109 of viable spermatozoa. Gilts in anestrus were slaughtered and their reproductive tracts were observed for the evaluation of ovarian structures. Reproductive data on estrus return, pregnancy and farrowing rates, and litter size were registered. With respect to the metabolism curve of P4 in gilts, the effect of the treatment and the day after the injection of iP4 occured as well as an interaction in treatment*day (P<0.05). Treatment groups iP4 300 and iP4 600 mg maintained P4 plasma levels above 5 ng/ml for at least 8 days. In the second stage in the first replicate, the supplementation of progesterone at 179 d interfered with the iP4 induction interval and the onset of the first estrus (17.12±1.27 vs. 23.08±1.38; P=0.0018). However, in the second replicate, when iP4 was supplemented at 148 d, no difference was observed between treatments (P>0.05). Reproductive parameters (TB, TBA, NATI, MUM) were not influenced by control and iP4 treatments (300 mg) in the two replicates. Likewise, the frequencies (estrus expression, pregnancy, and adjusted parturition) were not influenced by the treatments of the two replicates of the study (P>0.05). The percentage of cycling gilts during slaughter inspection was 39.32%, with no difference between groups (P>0.05). The use of long-acting iP4 does not have a cyclicity-inducing effect in gilts, but it hinders the early manifestation of estrus in gilts that are possibly pubertal, supplemented at 179d of age.

Artificial insemination (AI) is considered an essential practice for the dissemination of genetic material and achieving good reproductive rates and, despite the related advantages, there are still limitations mainly focused on the technical management and labor demanded. From this scenario, the Pulse-flow® technology was developed seeking to solve the critical points and difficulties related to the standardization of artificial insemination management. The semi-automated insemination equipment digitally operates with the deposition of semen at a frequency and pressure similar to natural mating, bringing AI closer to the female's natural reproductive physiology, improving reproductive outcomes. Thus, the objective of the present work was to compare the Pulse-flow® technology (Treatment group) of artificial insemination with the manual methodology traditionally used for AI (Control group). The experiment consisted of 455 females, with birth orders between 2 and 6, over 12 weeks. After weaning, the animals were placed in cages and distributed in the experimental groups, taking into account the calving order, number of weaners from the previous litter and the body condition score. The estrus identification was performed daily through the male tolerance reflex in the presence of the male twice a day. Females were inseminated according to the farm's artificial insemination interval protocol, using the post-cervical AI technique. For this, 233 females were inseminated with the Pulse-flow® Treatment and 222 females were inseminated in the Control group, with the inseminators and males being equally distributed between the groups. After inseminations, the variables insemination time, incidence of reflux, semen quality (bacterial growth, motility and sperm defects), calving rate, number of total births and percentage of live births were evaluated. As expected, when analyzing calving order, number of weaners from the previous litter, body condition, number of inseminations per female and males used, the results showed that there was no difference between groups (P > 0.05) denoting distribution homogeneous between treatments. Data on insemination time, presence of reflux, percentage of pregnancy, percentage of live births, stillbirths and mummifications did not show a significant difference between treatments (P > 0.05). However, for the variation of AI time, the Treatment showed less variation than the Control group (P < 0.001). For birth rates, there was a difference between the experimental groups (16.2 ± 3.5 and 17.2 ± 2.8 piglets, respectively for the Treatment and Control groups; P = 0.03). Therefore, the use of Pulse-flow® technology through the artificial insemination gun showed greater standardization in the time of artificial insemination compared to the AI methodology traditionally used, however, a decrease in the results of live births was observed, demonstrating that studies are still needed for standardization of protocols for its routine use in swine farms.

Sanitary events are responsible for major economic impacts on pig farming, amongst which proliferative enteropathy and Salmonellosis, are caused by Lawsonia intracellular and enteropathogenic Salmonella serovars, respectively. Among disease control tools, vaccination has contributed substantially to the reduction of the negative effect of pathogens in the different stages of the growing process. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaccination against Salmonella and Lawsonia on the zootechnical performance of pigs in the growing and finishing stages. For that, 2,500 pigs were distributed in five treatments (n=500 animals/treatment subdivided into 50 stalls), and the stall was the experimental unit. At weaning, the pigs were identified, weighed, and on arrival at the farrowing pen, they were distributed in the following treatments: T1 oral vaccine for Lawsonia intracellularis, T2 injectable vaccine for Lawsonia intracellularis and Salmonella Typhimurium, T3 injectable vaccine for Lawsonia intracellularis, T4 injectable vaccine for Salmonella Typhimurium and T5 without the vaccine, constituting the control group. The second weighing was carried out in the transfer from the farrowing pen to the finishing and the third in the pre-slaughter. During the experiment, the occurrence of clinical events, drug intervention, mortality, animal disqualification, and the presence of diarrhea in the stalls were recorded. Comparing the treatments, there was no statistical difference (P>0.05) for daily weight gain, mortality/disqualification of animals, and drug interventions. The incidence of diarrhea in the pens and the prevalence of pens with diarrhea were also not affected by the treatments. In the studied condition, the treatments affected the variables of interest analyzed. The incidence of diarrhea in the stalls and the prevalence of stalls with diarrhea were also not affected by the treatments. In the studied condition, the treatments affected the variables of interest.

Femoral head necrosis is present in most poultry farms, impacting both the field and the industry, considering some potential risk factors for the appearance of this lesion in broilers, such as sanitary challenge and low zootechnical performance. In order to quantify the appearance of femoral necrosis in heavy broilers and analyze which variables associated with the sanitary and zootechnical quality of the flocks have the greatest impact on the occurrence of this pathology, 229 broiler flocks were evaluated within a 12 month interval. The collected data were examined and submitted to a score classification from 0 to 3, according to the degree of injury presented, as follows score 0: no injury; score 1: mild unilateral or bilateral injury; score 2: severe unilateral injury; and score 3: severe bilateral injury. Next, an evaluation was performed using multivariate analysis techniques, and the group means were compared using the DSCF test, with a significance level of 5%. The variation between classes was investigated using a canonical analysis (Candisc). Total condemnation and partial condemnation due to arthritis were the categorical variables that showed interference in the femoral head necrosis lesion score with significance level (p≤0.05). The other sanitary and zootechnical indicators, when compared to different scores had no significant difference, which suggests that this interference may be related to genetic or nutritional factors, not mentioned in this study, but worthy of note and which may play an important role in the occurrence of this osteoarticular pathology.

Essential oils are secondary compounds extracted from plants with potential for modulating rumen fermentation. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the use of a blend of essential oils as an alternative to monensin for confined beef cattle and its effects on rumen fermentation, blood parameters and animal performance. Sixty castrated males of Braford breed standard, average initial live weight of 250 kg and age 9.05 months were used. In an entirely randomized design, with 20 animals per treatment, divided into 12 feedlot pens, with the following treatments: control (CTL, feed without additives); monensin (MON, feed with inclusion of 40 mg/Kg of DM) and alternative (ALT, feed with inclusion of 300 mg/Kg of DM). The animals were fed ad libitum on a diet containing 794.3 g feed/kg DM and 205.7 g silage/kg DM. The results show that the pH of monensin (MON) and alternative (ALT) groups were equal (P>0.05) and lower than the control group (CTL) (P<0.05). Rumen NH3-N concentration was equal for CTL and MON groups (P>0.05) and higher than ALT group (P<0.05). In this study, there were no significant differences in total VFA concentration and production as well as acetate propionate ratio among treatments. The concentrations of albumin and AST did not show significant differences between the treatments. However, the urea value of CTL group was higher compared to MON and ALT groups (P<0.05). Cholesterol was increased in the ALT group, followed by MON and CTL. For GGT values, the ALT group showed reduced values compared to MON and CTL. LDH concentration was different between CTL and MON treatments and showed a similar response to ALT for both. There was a difference in dry matter consumption (CMS,Kg/day) (P<0.001) similar between CTL and ALT and higher than MON group. For average daily gain (GMD Kg) and feed conversion (FC) there was difference between treatments (P<0.05), however ALT group showed similar result compared to MON and CTL. The live weight at slaughter, hot carcass weight (HWL kg) and carcass yield did not differ between treatments (P>0.05), however the HWL was higher in animals fed with ALT and CTL compared to those fed with MON diet (260, 259 and 255 kg, respectively). The carcass variables evaluated by ultrasound AOL (cm2), AOL/100Kg, RCF, Marbling (%) EGS (mm), EGS/100Kg, Rump (mm) showed no significant difference (P>0.05).

In order to performance evaluate the farms of a management Software, we used the database of JetBov® users. The information collected was classified according to the livestock cycle (Breeding, Rearing, Rearing and Finishing, Complete), the state of the federation, the time of use of JetBov® software (from 6 months), the number of animals (from 500 head). For the interpretation and analysis of zootechnical indices (low, medium and high), a comparison was made with theoretical references (articles and yearbooks, published in the main means of information). The database had 2236 properties, but only 797 of these met all the established criteria, where the main reason for exclusion was the low number of registered animals. Of this total, 214, 227, 194 and 162 were breeding, rearing, rearing/termination and full cycle, respectively. The rearing cycle, with weaning, birth and calf mortality rates, presented great variation among the farms. Many of these had a negatively high average, probably leading to lower economic performance. On the rearing farms we identified a shorter time to use the software and higher animal flow, higher variation in stocking rate and weight gain when compared to the other livestock cycles. However, it was the rearing/termination farms that presented the best overall productive indicators and on average the longest time of use of this technology, but it was not possible to correlate these data.

The Influenza A virus (IAV) is an RNA virus that causes respiratory diseases and has zoonotic character, and is considered endemic in commercial swine herds in Brazil. Facing several antigenic variations and genetically distinct lineages (subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H3N2) in the country, fast and accurate diagnostic tools are necessary to know the subtypes present in each farm, in order to monitor and control the disease more assertively. This study aims to use RT- qPCR for detection of Influenza A virus and multiplex subtyping through the identification of mutations in the genes of surface glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. A total of 1988 samples from pigs in two productive phases, nursery and finishing, were analyzed in the Animal Health laboratory. Collected from four different integration units of an agro-industry in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, through nasal swabs and lungs from clinical cases, between April and December 2021. The presence of IAV was detected in 16.65% of the samples. The sample type with the highest positivity was lungs (84.21%), compared to nasal swabs (16%). 99 of the positive samples were eligible for subtype RT-qPCR, of these, 57.57% had at least one surface glycoprotein identified (HA or NA), of which 2 subtypes were detected: H1panN1pan (3.51%) and one sample of the H1huN1pan subtype. This study was able to identify the presence of IAV using RT-qPCR and detect at least one surface glycoprotein from the positive samples. However, it is necessary to conduct a further study through genome sequencing to evaluate the phylogeny of the most genetically distinct strains and those that it was not possible to identify subtypes.

Even though composting is an extensively studied technique, several factors continue to hinder its efficiency and applicability. In addition, there are not many studies with carcasses of laying hens, in full scale, using inoculation and crushing as part of the treatments. Thus, the objectives of this work were: To evaluate, in physical-chemical and microbiological terms, the efficiency of different composting conditions regarding the degradation and stabilization of different biomasses of carcasses of laying hens, considering specific inoculation and mechanical crushing that facilitate the process. 600 hens were used, 40 in each treatment containing whole hens (treatments 1 and 2, without and with bacterial inoculation, respectively) and 60 in treatments with crushed hens (treatments 3 and 4, with and without bacterial inoculation, respectively). Each treatment contained 115 kg of wet wood shavings (55%), and approximately 75 kg (T1 and T2) and 110 kg (T3 and T4) of carcasses. The cells (masonry, 1 m3), were placed in a screen-protected and covered environment. Temperature, humidity, pH and microbiological activity (hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate - FDA) were measured weekly. Monthly, other parameters were evaluated, such as Coliforms Escherichia coli, Total Coliforms, Clostridium perfrigens and Salmonella spp., Ash content and some nutrients. It was identified that treatments T3 and T4 presented a higher decomposition rate than T1 and T2, considering the behavior of windrow temperatures. All treatments cool about 0.5 ° C / day, according to the temperature linearization data in the thermophilic phase of the treatments. In the same period, T3 and T4 remained 5 ° C above T1 and T2, respectively. T3 reached maturity before the other treatments, followed by T4 and T2, according to temperature and C / N ratio results. The shaving proved to be convenient for the composting of animal carcasses, but the process of aeration of the cells needs to be revised, limiting the success of the treatment. At the end, the compounds were analyzed based on some parameters of Normative Instruction (IN) No. 27/2006, as amended by IN 7/2016 (ANNEX V) and IN 25/2006 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle and Supplying, and the recolonization of microorganisms after the thermophilic phase makes it impossible to comply with current legislation related to the registration of fertilizers.

Currently, the intensive model adopted in the large scale swine production chain predisposes the development of enzootic nature diseases, often involving a complex of etiological agents and causing syndromes that lead to a decrease in productivity rates and frequently an increase in herds mortality rate. The Influenza A virus (IAV) is an etiological agent that is part of the so-called swine respiratory disease complex (SRDC), it can be associated with nonspecific clinical signs such as fever, apathy, cough, prostration, inappetence, weight loss and frequently associated with pneumonia injuries responsible for carcasses condemnation in the slaughterhouse. The possibility of viral rearrangements associated with variants of avian, human and swine influenza increases the importance on a pandemic event, reiterating the importance of monitoring the virus prevalence. The adoption of good production practices (GPP) and adequate biosecurity is described as a way to prevent the virus spreading. Different production models (in size and levels of biosecurity) may be linked to the prevalence of IAV and must be monitored in order to develop effective strategies to reduce the damage in commercial herds. The work was developed in an industry situated in the middle-west of Santa Catarina through a checklist applied to 385 farms in a vertical system of finishing pigs, characterizing them in terms of the biosecurity level and GPP. An amount of 35 farms were submitted to the collection of nasal swabs for the detection of IAV through the polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR), a total of 529 samples will be submitted to the technique. A technique for collecting material for diagnosis through the use of nasal wipes was also used to evaluate the method, totaling 80 samples. After carrying out the checklist on the farms, four groups were characterized according to the levels of biosecurity and GPP adopted: G1 - farms with less than 700 animals and with a low standard of biosecurity (145 farms); G2 - farms with less than 700 animals and a high standard of biosecurity (56 farms); G3 - farms with more than 700 animals and low biosecurity standard (74 farms) and G4 - farms with more than 700 animals and high biosafety standard (110 farms). 30 samples of nasal swabs and nasal wipes have been carried out on a farm for a pilot test, resulting in 86.6% of animals positive for IAV through the traditional collection of nasal swabs and 83.3% of positivity using the technique of nasal wipes. As a result of the collections of the experiment, 15 positive samples for IAV were obtained, being 12 through the collection from traditional nasal swab and 3 through the nasal wipes method. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the methods, showing a statistical difference (p≤0.05) between them, with the nasal swab method showing a lower “ct” value.

Probiotics are food supplements based on live microorganisms capable of adjusting the balance of the intestinal microbiota and increasing the productive capacity of pigs. The effects of probiotic supplementation were evaluated over the colostrum quality for matrices in the final stage of gestation. In the experiment methodology, the probiotic was offered in the feeding of the matrices, for 40 days. Two matrices groups were formed: Control and Treatment. At the beginning of the farrowing, a blood sample was collected from the matrice swine and her piglets were weighed. After 24 hours the piglets were weighed again and a blood sample was collected from each piglet to determine the their immunoglobulins concentration using the immunocrit method. In the analysis, in relation to the matrices, there was no difference between the treatment group and the control group (P>0,05). However, there was effect on immunoglobulins levels of the farrowing order (P<0,05). For blood samples from piglets, comparing all piglets in the treatment and control group, there was no difference in the amount of Ig (P>0,05). However, analyzing separately the piglets groups that were born at the end of the farrowing, of these, the piglets from the probiotics supplemented matrices had a lower drop in the immunocrit rate compared to the control group (P<0,05). There was also a significant difference (P<0,05) in piglet weight gain in the first 24 hours of life and in the amount of immunoglobulins in the blood of piglets considering the matrice's birth amount and piglet's birth order. It can be concluded, that probiotics are able to improve immunoglobulins levels in the blood and promote greater weight gain in newborn piglets.

Escherichia coli pathogenic avian (APEC) is responsible for several anatomopathological conditions in poultry, which cause great damage to the poultry sector. Knowing the epidemiology of this bacterium is essential to effectively control this pathogen, therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens and to perform in vitro tests on strains classified as APEC to identify their capacity for biofilm formation and susceptibility to antimicrobials and sanitizers routinely used in the poultry breeding process. In this study, 60 Escherichia coli isolates from a strain bank of the Animal Health laboratory were used, obtained from clinical cases of colibacillosis in broiler chickens located in the west of Santa Catarina, in 2020. In the real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction test it was identified that 100% of the isolates had the hlyF and ompT genes, 98.3% the iroN and iss genes and 83.33% the iutA gene, being all evaluated strains classified as APEC. In the in vitro evaluations regarding the formation and characterization of biofilms, the APEC samples were characterized as 71.66% weakly forming biofilms and 28.33% did not show bacterial biofilm formation. In the antibiotic susceptibility test, through the disk-diffusion technique, the highest resistance percentages werefound in the molecules of oxytetracycline 33% and doxycycline 31.66%, but about 33%. In the test of sensitivity to sanitizers, the multiresistant APEC strains evaluated were sensitive to disinfectants based on quaternary ammonia + glutaraldehyde and to the compound phenol.

Brazil is the country in the American continent that has the most reports of positive cases of Hantavirus, Santa Catarina being the state with the highest number of notifications according to the latest survey carried out by the Ministry of Health. Therefore, an in-depth study is necessary to understand these numbers and seek solutions. The objective of this research is to know the epidemiological characteristics and to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of death from Hantavirus in Santa Catarina based on the database of the Ministry of Health. They were analyzed as constant notifications in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The population of this research were all positive cases of Hantavirus reported from 2009 to 2019 in the state of Santa Catarina. These data were visible from a descriptive case series study. Variables were analyzed: sociodemographic, epidemiological background, clinical data, therapeutic procedures, opportunity for care and evolution. For the retrospective longitudinal study, the analysis of median, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and interval was applied using the Symbolab software. As a result, the study found that the profile of this Hantavirose patient in Santa Catarina is male, of working age, low educational level, living in a rural area. The highest occurrence of cases is located in the West, Midwest and Mountain rage regions, directly associated with agricultural profile activities. Its lethality rate is high in patients aged 15 to 19, regardless of the area of residence. Clinical symptoms that appear respiratory, increased hematocrits, use of mechanical modalities and secondary infiltrated pulmonary X-ray a major risk factor for death. Patients who sought care in the first days of symptoms had a higher lethality rate, which may be associated with difficulty in the differential diagnosis for other viral diseases with similar symptoms, hindering proper clinical management. Regions with higher reporting rates showed lower lethality rates, signaling the sensitivity of clinical and epidemiological surveillance of cases in these locations and the importance of this factor in decreasing lethality. Studies using the database of the Ministry of Health are indispensable in the adoption of public health strategies that allow better control and surveillance of this disease in the clinical and environmental areas, promoting a decrease in lethality.

Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE) is characterized as a disease that affects chickens, turkeys, quails and pheasants. In young animals, it usually causes neurological signs, such as ataxia and tremors. In laying birds, it manifests itself with a sharp drop in egg production and low hatchability. The objective of this work, was to identify factors that influence the occurrence of vaccine failures for AE in production chains of poultry farming. For this, information from a database was analyzed of 65,535 bird serum samples, collected from 2015 to 2019 and tested through the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Information such as: immune status, age of birds, year of sample collection, type of productive chain, city of origin and egg laying phases were evaluated. Data evaluation was performed using chi-square analyses, analysis of variance and odds ratio. It was possible, to determine that there is a statistical difference, between frequency of seroprotected animals and the type of production chains in relation, the age of the birds, as well as within the matrices chain, where some geographical areas exhibited 2,10 times more chances to present non-proteted birds against AE, showing possible management problems. Furthermore, it was found that, there was a progressive improvement in flock’s immunity over the years and that the pre-posture and onset posture phase are the ones with the best humoral immunity rates for EA compared to the others. The present study demonstrated that several factors may be involved with vaccine failures for EA, and actions are necessary to improve the humoral response.

The intensification of sheep production, with a focus on increasing prolificity, implies a higher incidence of metabolic disorders, especially in the transition period, which can lead to productive losses with consequences on the health of the animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of Lacaune ewes in the transition period and its influence on the quality of colostrum and immunity of lambs. It was carried out on a school farm in the municipality of Bento Gonçalves – RS, from July to August 2019. Nineteen sheep of the Lacaune breed were kept in a semi-extensive system, receiving the same diet. On days -14, -7, -4 of the expected date of delivery and on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 days after delivery, blood samples, body condition score (ECC) and animal weighing were performed. Blood metabolic markers will be evaluated in sheep serum concentrations of total plasma proteins (PPT), albumin, aspartate amino transferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), paraoxonase (PON1), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). In lambs, the serological parameters evaluated were PPT, albumin and GGT. Colostrum was collected up to 06 hours after delivery, to determine the brix® percentage. Blood samples were taken from the lambs 48 hours after birth. Lamb plasma was used to estimate colostrum efficiency and immunity by % brix and total plasma protein (PPT). The zootechnical data, metabolic variables pre and postpartum of ewes, lambs and those related to colostrum quality were tested for normality of distribution and homogeneity of residues using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively, using the SAS program . The ECC had a reduction in the postpartum, being evidenced in collections 7 and 14 (2.88 and 2.73, p<0.001), the BHBA presented in the prepartum the highest concentrations detected for ewes that gave birth to triplets, since the day -14 and for twin lambs on day -4 (p=0.0245). NEFA showed the highest value on day 14 in primiparous (1.07; p=0.0042). Ca had the lowest concentrations on day 1 (8.85 mg/dl p<0.01) and Mg on day 3 (1.79 mg/dl, p<0.001) postpartum. The multiparas of two lambs had higher brix percentages (30.5%) and in the primiparae the lowest value was in the ewes that had a single lamb (27.06%; p= 0.0395). Lambs born from triplets had the lowest weight (3.73 kg) and the best % brix were higher in those born from twins (10.29%, p=0.0307). From the data obtained in our study, we concluded that ewes showed lipid metabolism and subclinical ketosis at some periods in the transition period and the colostrum of the lacaune ewes in the study showed good quality. PPT and brix of lambs were better indicators of transfer of passive immunity in ewes that had two lambs.

The development of mathematical models aiming to predict the growth curve of cattle in feedlots, based on behavioral monitoring, can reduce the time and risks of adopting new diets and allow estimating the result of zootechnical performance, as well as predicting the time to exit ideal for slaughter. The objective of this dissertation was to develop an automated system for real-time evaluation of the zootechnical performance of feedlot beef cattle. The project was developed at the Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Santa Catarina. Twelve castrated male bovines with an average weight of 342 kg, crossbred European breeds were confined in a closed shed. All were weighed at entry and three of them identified in the ear with a beacon before entering the confinement, during the process, they received two different diets (fattening and finishing), in addition to the transition diets. One of the cattle remained in an individual pen, where the ration was weighed before supply, as well as the leftovers present in the trough, every 15 days the animal in the individual pen was weighed and randomly changed. The trough was placed on a bench scale with Bluetooth, allowing to monitor the consumption of the diet. A raspberry microcomputer that identified the animal and quantified the frequency with which it went to the trough was installed beside the drinking fountain. Python language was used to develop the information collection system, Google Drive platforms to store data and Bubble.io to create the dashboard. Two intermediate weighings, in addition to the confinement entry and exit, were performed. At the end of the experimental period (animal slaughter), the measured weights were correlated with the weights estimated by the model with the aid of the JMP statistical program, version 15, whose adopted significance level was 5%. The output live weight for slaughter is 459.4 kg. The average daily weight gain of the flock throughout the period was 1,266 kg/day. After slaughter, the averages for hot carcass weight and hot carcass yield were 242 kg and 52.7% respectively. For PCQ weight the values ranged from 199.2 kg to 308.4 kg, and for RC they ranged between 51.1% and 55.7%. The mathematical models that best simulated the performance of confined cattle were: linear, quadratic, logistic 3P, Gompertz 3P, exponential 2P, exponential 3P and Growth. The application presented the information in the form of a dashboard, showing the zootechnical performance, date of slaughter and suggests animals that have a problem, need to check their sanitary condition. This tool is ready to be used commercially to track animal performance.

This study evaluated the efficiency of the liquid manure stabilization process in storage units in 10 pig farms located in the municipality of Presidente Castello Branco (SC), Brazil. The work was carried out in two trials: in the first, the efficiency in reducing Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. under ideal management conditions (Hydraulic Retention Time = 60 days), as well as the resistance of the isolates to antimicrobials. Sampling was carried out in manure pits at three levels of depth, at times T0 and T60. In trial 2, the concentration of total and fecal coliforms (EC) was investigated under real management conditions. Regarding the indicator bacteria, the depth of collection did not affect the concentration, but the TRH was significant in reducing the levels of these populations. Bacterial multiresistance to antibiotics was observed. In the field, the concentration of EC under ideal management conditions was lower when compared to operational conditions. The handling of swine manure when carried out in disagreement with sanitary norms may imply risks of propagation of pathogenic microorganisms, in the same way that the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics harms the homeostasis of one health.

Currently, the animal protein consumer market is more demanding with the management practices that are adopted during the production cycle. The practice of beak trimming is common in the rearing of laying hens and consists of removing the lower and upper part of the beak and can be applied through different methods such as cutting and cauterization by hot blade or by infrared radiation. Despite bringing benefits from the productive point of view, beak trimming subjects the birds to stress, questioning welfare practices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) through the available data in the literature of the forms of beak trimming and their effects on mortality, egg production, feather pecking, and corticosterone levels. The search strategy was applied to three electronic databases - Scopus (Elsevier), MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) and the inclusion criteria involved studies that evaluated the population (chicken, bird, layer, chick), the intervention (beak, cut) and the response (mortality, pecking, production, corticosterone). The literature search identified 1,775 publications, and 16 studies, reporting 19 trials on mortality, 20 on egg production, 6 on feather pecking, and 6 on corticosterone levels were considered eligible for the final SR and included in the MA. The total number of birds evaluated was 4,133, 3,642, 1,330, and 124 for mortality, egg production, feather pecking, and corticosterone levels, respectively. Birds subjected to hot blade beak trimming, regardless of the millimeters trimmed, showed higher mortality compared to birds in the control group without beak trimming (p= 0.054) with a high heterogeneity between studies (I2= 95.07%; 95%CI; 0.16 to 1.01). When combining the use of hot blade and infrared radiation at different ages, it increases the prediction of death by 4.3 compared to intervention with hot blade alone. The increase of one unit in the age of beak trimming increases the predicted value in egg production at a level of 0.99. No association between egg production and corticosterone levels was observed with beak trimming. Thus, we conclude that in the studies evaluated, beak trimming caused higher mortality and did not influence egg production and corticosterone levels compared to the control group with intact beak.

Eggs with high levels of contamination can result in considerable losses on the hatchability rate, and consequently generate an increase in production costs. The objective was to evaluate the disinfection system of fertile eggs with the use of calcium oxychloride at 200 ppm, on the contamination and embryo diagnosis of eggs with the association of the use of probiotics in the post-hatching on the zootechnical performance of chickens from heavy breeders . After hatching, 4,132 chicks were divided into two groups, where the first received a probiotic spray along with the Chicken Infectious Bronchitis vaccine and the second received only the vaccine spray. The design used was the 2x2 factorial, forming four groups: T1, T2 T3 and T4. The second stage was carried out in the aviary where the zootechnical parameters (mortality, average weight (PM), and feed conversion (CA) at 7, 21, 28 and 42 days of age of the chickens were evaluated. The total bacteria count was not influenced by the disinfection system.Bird mortality was not influenced, regardless of the disinfection system or use of probiotic in the evaluated phases (P>0.05) The initial weight of birds was higher in the system with the use of paraformaldehyde and conversion better feed at 7 days with the combined use of disinfection with calcium oxychloride at 200 ppm of eggs and probiotic via spray for the chicks (P<0.05) The average weight of broilers at 7, 21 and 42 days of age was dependent on both the disinfection system and the administration of the probiotic, as well as feed conversion at 28 and 42 days of age. Therefore, the replacement of paraformaldehyde by calcium oxychloride 200 ppm as a disinfection system for fertile eggs may be promising through and the administration of post-hatch probiotic to broiler chickens.

The consumer market is increasingly demanding improvements in production practices, with special emphasis on animal welfare, one of the requirements for this challenge being the search for mechanisms to improve the thermal comfort of animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate two different temperatures, seeking to combine thermal comfort with the best zootechnical and economic performance in the lactation phase. The design was carried out in completely randomized blocks in a contemporary group and divided into two rooms with 108 females each, with three replications totaling 648 females evaluated. Each maternity room had 108 numbered calving cells (2.40mx 2.80m) and equally distributed in the shed. The maternity rooms had a transversal adiabatic ventilation and cooling system, with six sets of exhaust fans, enabling six different air displacement speeds, ranging from 0 to 1.0 m/s. Two temperature control parameters with a variation of two degrees High (23°C) and Low (21°C) were used. There was no influence of the different temperature curves on the weight of females when leaving the hatchery, as well as on the performance of litters (P>0.05). There was a difference in the food consumption of females, with those kept in rooms with lower temperatures had higher total feed consumption in the phase compared to those kept at higher temperature (6.14±0.10 vs. 5.95±0.10, P<0.001), regardless of the delivery order. The present study is the first to investigate the temperature preference within the comfort zone of the lactating swine. The results indicated that temperatures closer to the upper limit temperature favored female performance, with a reduction in feed consumption, without impacting litter development.

Many factors can impact zootechnical outcomes during the swine grown phase, i.e., nursery and finishing, demonstrating variable proportion and linearity. Closeout groups performance data from years 2017 to 2019 was retrieved from the internal management software of a cooperative in Santa Catarina. Data was compiled and correlated with zootechnical indexes, totalizing 1.065 analyzed nursery closeout groups (representing 2,713,620 animals) and 5.296 growth and finish groups (representing 3.545.117 animals). Variables like nutrition, and genetics of the animals were not considered in the analysis since they are standardized in the cooperative's production system. The information was initially submitted to descriptive analysis of the response variables. Then, multiple regression analyzes were applied for the variables assumed to be normally distributed in order to select the factors that best explained them, including interactions of interest in the model. In regards to the nursery phase, the mortality, feed conversion and daily weight gain were affected by days of placements and comingling practicers, i.e., the number of sow farm piglet origins. On the other hand, when it comes to the season of year comparison (Winter vs Summer) and the days of sanitary void, these factors affected the feed conversion and daily weight gain. Average placement weight affected the daily weight gain. In the growth and finish phase, the seasons mainly impacted mortality, while the average housing weight affected mortality and feed conversion. The number of origins promoted greater changes in mortality and daily weight gain. The sanitary void impacted the mortality and feed conversion.

Brazilian beef poultry is prominent in the production and exportation of chicken meat, the detection of Salmonella sp. is important, because it interferes in the consumer market, for being one of the main microorganisms involved in foodborne diseases. In order to control and monitor Salmonella sp. in commercial poultry and slaughter establishments, Normative Instruction Nº 20, of 10/21/2016 (MAPA), requires laboratory testing of boot sock prior to slaughter, carried out in accordance with Ordinance 126 of 11/03/1995 (MAPA). In order to streamline the detection process, this study aimed to optimize the 3M^TM Molecular Detection Assay 2: Salmonella (MDS^®), as per Ordinance 126, for boot sock sample. The development of the methodology followed ISO 16140-2:2016, and 300 naturally contaminated boot sock samples were analyzed, collected from aviaries in western Santa Catarina, and 30 samples artificially contaminated with Salmonella ATCCs in dilutions 10², 10³, 10⁴ for each protocol, reference (Ordinance 126) and alternative (A e B). Of the 300 samples processed in protocol A, 45 positive samples were obtained for Salmonella sp., 242 negative, 1 false positive and 12 false negative, while of the 300 samples analyzed in protocol B, 40 positive, 256 negative, 1 false-positive and 3 false-negative. Resulting for protocol A, a sensitivity of 79%, specificity of 100%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 98% and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 95%; and in protocol B, 93% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 98% PPV and 99% NPV were obtained. In addition, the result of Fisher’s exact test in both protocols was p-value < 0,05, demonstrating association with the reference method, concluding that the MDS^® can be used as a screening method.

In order to detect the presence of the Ehrlichia canis and characterize its strain serologically, blood samples were collected from a population of 70 dogs suspected of having hemoparasitosis in the West and Coast of the state of Santa Catarina. The dsb5 gene was used as a target for PCR for diagnostic purposes, and an Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (RIFI) for Ehrlichia spp. Was also performed, as well as a specific ELISA for TRP19, TRP36 and TRP32 peptides to assess serological diversity. The prevalence of the disease was 14.29%, with a confidence limit ranging from 7.07% to 24.71%. Of the animals evaluated 3/70 (4.3%) were positive for CRP, all in the western region of SC, and 7/70 (10%) serologically positive in RIFI, two from Concórdia and five from Joinville. Still in relation to serology, the ELISA for TRP19, which detects specific antibodies to E. canis, detected three positive animals (4.3%), two in the West and one in the Coast, the ELISA for the TRP36 peptide genogroup US was also positive for three dogs (4.3%), all from Joinville and the ELISA for the TRP36 Brazilian genogroup was positive in two dogs from the Litoral (2.8%), suggesting the existence of at least two E. canis genogroups in the Litoral do State (US and Brazilian). In Concórdia, positive animals for E. canis did not react to any of the genogroups, indicating the presence of another strain in the region. It is concluded that even with a lower incidence than that reported in the other states of Brazil, the serological knowledge of the circulating strains can help in data on the severity of the disease, possibilities of treatment and even on vaccine development.

Postpartum dysgalaxia syndrome (PPDS) is a common and important disorder that affects a swine female, mainly in intensive production systems. PPDS is characterized by hypogalactia in the puerperium; its symptoms may vary as fever, appetite reduction, mastitis in the female and signs of hunger in the piglets. In the majority of the cases, hypogalaxia is not clearly identified, assuming a sub-clinical aspect. Throughout the last decades, in many countries, tolfenamic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been successfully administered to several animal species, as cats, dogs, cattle, and pigs. Tolfenamic acid is recognized for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), based on tolfenamic acid, as a prophylactic treatment of the syndrome of PPDS, on the zootechnical performance of the litters. Gilts (n = 332) were selected and randomly distributed in two treatments groups, n = 157 in treated group and n = 162 in the control group. Thirteen gilts were excluded during select process. The treated group received a single intramuscular injection (1 mL/20 kg tolfenamic acid/ Toldefine CS™) post-farrowing, the control group did not receive any treatment. All piglets (4,466) were weighed at first, fourth and eighteenth day of life. All litter (2,198 and 2,268 piglets for treated and control groups, respectively) were evaluated for weight gain, diarrhea occurrence, piglets and mortality between 4 and 18 days of life. Data were analyzed using the SAS program (2012), differences were considered significant at level of 5% (P <0.05). Piglet´s weight averages were analyzed by covariance considering the effect of the initial weight and the presence of diarrhea. Categorical variables were analyzed by logistic regression. The treated group had 0.41% less mortality until the 18th day of life (p = 0.0285). This rate increases to 4.5% (4.3% and 8.8% for the treated and control group, respectively) among the litters not affected by diarrhea (p = 0.0005). Gilts presenting rectal temperature above 39.5°C or mucopurulent vulvar discharge were characterized with (PPDS). Overall, the weight average at 18 days in piglets without diarrhea was higher, 4.949g, compared to 4.593g, than piglets with diarrhea. Specifically for litters without diarrhea, the total of weight gain in the treated group was 9.0% (p <0.05) greater than the control group. Tolfenamic acid administered to gilts reduced the piglets mortality during the suckling phase and increased weight gain in litters not affected by diarrhea. The pain and discomfort reduction and in the first days of lactation, contribute to a better litters performance. 

Taurine is considered an essential conditionally amino acid for fish and their biosynthesis, from methionine and cystine differs between different species of fish and is also affected by the presence or not in the ingredients used in the manufacture of feed, so its supplementation can improve feed efficiency. The present study evaluated the supplementation of taurine in the zootechnical performance, hematological and immunological parameters and in the survival of juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) grown in two types of system, RAS and bioflocs. A control diet with 360 g / kg of crude protein was prepared without fish meal and without taurine supplementation (Control). From the control diet, another diet supplemented with 9.7 g of taurine per kg of feed was produced (Taurine). In cultivation system RAS, the fish were fed manually, five times a day, seven days a week. The tilapia (n = 200, with an average weight of 13.3 g) were distributed in 8 polyethylene boxes of 800 L each, 25 fish per box, in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 4 repetitions, lasting eight weeks. In the biofloc system, the tilapia (N = 150, with an average weight of 18.3 g) were distributed in 6 polyethylene boxes of 250 L each, 25 fish per box, in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 3 repetitions, with duration of four weeks. The animals were fed manually, three times a day, seven days a week. In both crops, biometrics were performed weekly to adjust food management. The taurine treatment obtained less daily average weight gain and final average weight in relation to the control (p <0.05), however, in the biofloc system the fish that received the taurine supplementation obtained a higher hepatosomatic index (p <0.05 ). It was observed that there was no influence of taurine on the fish condition factor and blood parameters, but there was an increase in the VCM index and a higher N retention in the control treatment fish reared in the RAS (p <0.05). It is concluded that, regardless of the cultivation system, juveniles of Nile tilapia do not benefit from taurine supplementation even when fed diets containing protein-based plant sources.

The avian cellulite is characterized by the formation of subcutaneous fibrinonecrotic plaques and by the inflammation of the skin, leading to serious economic loss due to partial slaughter sentences. Escherichia coli (APEC) is the principal isolated agent in the cases of cellulite. The APEC´s are classified as Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and show similarities with humans strains, suggesting a zoonotic potential. With the aim of characterizing the agent involved in the cases of the avian cellulite, was performed the bacterial isolation and the molecular detection of this virulence factors (iss e felA), in 130 carcasses with cellulite injuries coming from a slaughterhouse in the west of Santa Catarina. E. coli strains were isolated from the cellulites injuries and livers by means of screening and identified through biochemical tests, the agent was detected in 62,3% of carcasses, being 52.3% from the cellulitis, 55,3% of livers and 46,1% in both samples. From positive samples, were gotten 253 strains of E. coli, which were screened for the genes of serum resistance (iss) and responsible for adhesion (felA) by means of PCR. The percentage of positivity of the iss gene on the skin and liver were 73, 6% and 85,6% respectively. The frequency of the felA gene in the skin were of 27,3% and in the liver of 13,6%. Most of the isolated strains showed at least one of the virulence factors, and in 17,4% both genes were detected. The isolation of the agent and the frequency found of genes, indicate that the E. coli strains coming from cellulite injuries were possibly causing factors of septicemia and an important source of food contamination, suggesting the review of the sentencing criteria, reducing the potential risks to public health.

Especially in recent years, Brazilian poultry has achieved high growth rates, becoming the third major worldwide producer of chicken meat and leader in exports, reaching 142 countries. Factors such as animal health and welfare, quality and price have contributed to improving productivity in the sector. Given this, the concern with the health of animals is one of the main challenges of the market, and the control of Infectious Bronchitis of chickens (IB) and the eradication of Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) in breeding farms are issues of enormous animal health relevance. IB, caused by a coronavirus, the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), is an acute and highly contagious viral disease. Mycoplasmosis, on the other hand, is caused by the smallest existing bacteria, Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms), has great capacity for dissemination in the breeding flock, and once the flock is positive, it remains with this status until the end of its life. Both diseases show similar clinical signs affecting the respiratory part, becoming secondary to each other. In the present study, the vaccine titers of Infectious Bronchitis were evaluated in order to verify the existence of interference in the serological response against IBV by the positivity of Ms. For this, the results of 326 serum samples collected in the period from 2014 to 2018 in batches of matrices of an agribusiness in the West of Santa Catarina were verified. To evaluate the effect of the presence of Mycoplasma Sinoviae on the mean titer of bronchitis, the t test was applied in order to compare unpaired data. Through the present analysis it was verified there were no interference of Ms in the antibody titers against the Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV).

Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SE) is often isolated from samples in broiler chickens’ farms. Its environmental resistance is a factor that harms the entire meat production chain. Altough there is a higher intensification in farms biosecurity procedures, the pressure from the industry to eliminate this pathogen is increasing once salmoneloses can be a problem to the costumers. There are several products with ammonia in its composition that are used for desinfection of poultry shed structures. These products usually have high toxicity to the environment, the animals and people who manipulates it. On the other hand, research on essential oils (EO) and its bacterial activity have been increasing through the years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO), popularly known as thyme, on Salmonella enterica sorovar Heidelberg. Qualitative analysis of the oil revealed thymol (47,3%), p-Cimene (26.8%) and linalool (5.2%) as major compounds. Viable plankton cell quantification technique was used for in vitro antibacterial assays. Four different concentrations of TEO (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8%) were tested in five strains of SE isolated from broiler chickens farms plus ATCC 8623. In addition, the activity of the monoterpene thymol at concentrations of 0.023%, 0.047%, 0.071% and 0.094% was also evaluated. For the cytotoxicity assay, MTT technique was used in IEC-6 intestinal cells and NCTC fibroblasts in concentrations of 0.0625%, 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% of TEO and thymol, in 24h, to find the IC₅₀. RESULTS OMITTED. PATENT APPLICATION IN PROGRESS.   

Negative Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) replacement gilts provide greater health security to breeding stock. However, in M. hyopneumoniae positive herds, the introduction of gilts presents a higher risk for the vertical transmission at first farrowing, because the transmission of the agent is slow and excretion occurs for an extended period. This study aimed to evaluate the infection dynamics of M. hyopneumoniae in negative replacement gilts, introduced in endemically positive Brazilian farms. For this, ninety-eight gilts, negative for M. hyopneumoniae, were housed in three commercial farms positive for the agent. The animals were arranged in collective pens, which allowed contact with the pens of gilts previously housed on the farm, for a period of 21 days. The infection dynamics was evaluated by detection of M. hyopneumoniae by qPCR and by detection of antibodies by ELISA, from samples of laryngeal swab and blood, respectively. Samples were collected at the time of accommodation (150 days old; do), 165, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 do and pre-farrowing. It was observed that the transmission occurred quickly in farms A and B, being necessary 25,2 and 23,9 days for 95% of the gilts to be positive in the qPCR. There was no influence on the number of seeders at the time of exposure, but their absence (farm C) extended the transmission period to 69,4 days. Were necessary an average of 162.2 days after the first detection by qPCR so that 85% of the females stop excreting the agent. . There was no significant effect of the farm (p> 0.05) on the infection dynamics, showing an intrinsic characteristic of the agent. The serology results were similar to the herd infection curve, however, as expected, the detection of antibodies occurred after the detection of the agent. At the time of pre-farrowing, 100% of the seroconverted gilts and 36.7% of the gilts remained positive in the qPCR. For evaluation of possible sow-piglet transmission, near weaning nasal swab were collected 75 piglets from 15 litters from negative sows and 75 piglets from 15 litters from positive sows in the qPCR in the pre-farrowing. Only 1.33% of the piglets were positive at weaning, being offspring of females positive in qPCR in pre-weaning and at weaning, both from the same farm. However, it was not possible to detect significant differences (p> 0.05) for this variable. In the conditions of this study, acclimatization by natural exposure to M. hyopneumoniae proved to be efficient, and that possibly other factors (bacterial load, strain-specific immunity, strain virulence, etc ...) may limit the transmission of the female agent to her litter and thus mitigate the onset of the disease in the field.

The present work developed an application to estimate the body weight of beef cattle. The project evaluated 91 animals from three feedlots, all animals were male of Taurine breeds and their crosses, with an average weight ranging between 255 and 506 kg. The animals were weighed on an electronic scale without previous fasting. The measurement of the thoracic perimeter was performed caudally, the scapula passing through the sternum and the spinal processes of the thoracic vertebrae, using the thoracic weighing tape. After weighing, with the Samsung cell phone camera, model A5, the animals were photographed at an average distance of 5 meters. With the aid of the ImageJ program, body area, body length taken laterally between the ventral end of the shoulder and the tip of the ischium and the height of the back measured at the backline to the curve of the ridge behind the front leg were measured. The application was developed in the Python 3.7 language, using framework Kivy. Keras frameworks with Tensorflow were used to create the bovine identification model and the Mask R-CNN for image segmentation. The data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis with the method stepwise for detecting the best predictive model through the Akaike Information Index. Statistical analyzes were performed using the R statistical program and the level of significance adopted was 5%. The predictive model selected by the statistical analysis was the one that included only the body area as a predictor variable. It presented a correlation of 0.83 (p <0.01). In this sense, it is suggested to use this predictive equation: Body Weight = 293.2 + 0.27 * Body Area (r2 = 0.68; p <0.01). The estimate of the body weight of beef cattle by body area measured from the photographic image proved to be viable.

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the reproductive parameters and Animal Welfare of swine females submitted to different group housing systems and differnt feeding models during gestation. The experiment was carried out in a sows unitfarm located in southern Brazil. A total of 1.080 females distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme were used, with 10 repetitions over time. The factorial model consisted of two different transfer times to the group housing barns (immediately after the insemination protocol or at 35 days of gestation) and two different feeding process (“Y” or minibox drops). During the repetitions the females were equally distributed among the treatments in order of parturition (40 cycle 1 females (P1); 16 cycle 5 females and 16 cycle 6 females (P5&6) and 36 gilts). Artificial inseminations (AI) were performed with 45 ml intrauterine doses at a concentration of 1,25 billion viable sperm. From pregnancy to delivery, reproductive parameters were evaluated: return to estrus, pregnancy checked at 28 d with ultrasound, total births and average litter weight. The analysis of Animal Welfare during pregnancy was based on the Welfare Quality® protocol, evaluating the behaviour and health of females at specific moments during gestation. Behaviour data was collected 16 different times (days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 99 and 106 after AI). Health assessment was performed on all females on days 5, 31, 40 and 101 after AI. The behavior during feeding was evaluated in gilts and primiparous animals weekly during pregnancy. There was no difference in the birth rate and in the total number of births when comparing the method of accommodation, system and interaction (P> 0.05) or for gilts, OP1 and OP5 and 6). In the evaluation of the behavior of gilts and primiparous animals during feeding, no difference was found (P> 0.05) for agonistic and active behavior when comparing system, gestation week and interaction (P> 0.05) nor for gilts, OP1 and OP5 and 6). The behavior of the females was not influenced by the system-housing interaction (P> 0.05) in any of the categories. Swine females can be handled in small collective groups (9) without minibox division. The management of the formation of collective pens can occur immediately after coverage or at 35 days.

This work evaluated the zootechnical performance, nutrient retention and body indexes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), submitted to different feeding managements (times and amounts of food provided). The experiment was carried out at the Center for Aquaculture and Fishing Development (CEDAP) at the Itajaí Fish Farming Unit, located at the Itajaí Experimental Station, lasting 40 days, in 2019. 360 Nile tilapia fingerlings were used. , with an average initial weight of 23.38 ± 0.24 g, distributed in 18 experimental 1.0 m³ (1.0 mx 1.0 mx 1.0 m) volumetric capacity net cages, installed in a 300-foot pond m² with aerator. The design was a two-factorial (2 times vs 3 ways of offering) randomized blocks with three replications, totaling 6 treatments. All treatments received the same daily amount of diet, changing only the time and feeding rates at each meal. Treatments are: T1 = fish fed at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours, with feed rates equal to 25%; T2 = fish fed at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours, with feed rates of 10, 20, 30 and 40%; T3 = fish fed at times 08:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours, with feed rates 10, 40, 40 and 10%; T4 = fish fed at 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 and 20:00 hours, with feed rates equal to 25%; T5 = fish fed at 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 and 20:00 hours, with increasing portions of 10, 20, 30 and 40%; T6 = treatment 6, fish fed at 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 and 20:00 hours, with feed rates of 10, 40, 40 and 10%. Dissolved oxygen and water temperature were monitored daily. Ammonia, nitrite, pH, transparency, alkalinity and hardness, as well as biometrics to monitor the growth of animals and adjustment of the amount of feed were performed weekly. Data were subjected to Levene analysis to verify homoscedasticity. Subsequently, they were submitted to two-factor analysis (2X3). All analyzes were performed with a significance level of 5%. After 40 days, the fish remained fasting for 24 hours and all were weighed and measured to assess final weight., daily weight gain, feed efficiency, survival and productivity, which averaged 127.25 ± 4.46 g, 2, 60 ± 011 g.day -1, 1.05 ± 0.03, 99.72 ± 0.48% and 2537.93 ± 99.73 gm-³, respectively. In addition, four fish per experimental unit (72 in total) were anesthetized with clove oil (50 mg.L-1) until cercular movements ceased for later brain euthanasia and visceral fat index assessment of 1.96 ± 0. , 19% and sample collection for analysis of nitrogen retention and excretion, in the values of 54.15 ± 2.90% and 24.66 ± 2.17 kg.ton of fish-1, respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments for any of the factors analyzed. It was concluded that under the experimental conditions evaluated the time and the different distributions of the amount of food per food does not interfere with the productive and body indices, as well as the nitrogen retention capacity of tilapia juveniles subjected to the same water quality parameters.

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that infect humans and animals and causes a zoonotic disease characterized by encephalitis, septicemia or abortion. Also, listeriosis leads to significant economic losses due to animal death or sacrifice. The aim of this work was to compare the technique of direct immunofluorescence (IFD) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the diagnosis of L. monocytogenes in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. A total of 25 tissue blocks from animals with history and/or lesions compatible with listeriosis were selected. For immunohistochemistry, a diluted polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes serotype 1 and 4 primary antibody  was used, followed by a secondary antibody with polymer kit. For immunofluorescence, the same primary antibody wasused, followed by fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody. Each samplewas classified according to the immunostaining presence and intensity. From 25 samples, 10 were positive at least for one technique, whereas eight samples were positive for both IHC and IFD with similar intensity. There was strong immunolabeling in samples from bovines experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, as well as in nervous tissues from naturally infected ruminants. This study demonstrated that both techniques are efficient to detect L. monocytogenes in FFPE tissues. Using processed biological materials for IFD, instead of fresh samples, is a quite unique technique, since there are few protocols described. However, IFD did not show any difference in sensitivity when compared to IHC, whereas the latter is less expensive and has an easier result interpretation.

The present study aimed to evaluate Propofol (2,6 - diisopropylphenol) as anesthetic in Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and its effects on fish physiology. The project was divided into two phases. Phase I: a) Determination of the ideal anesthetic concentration. Phase II: Evaluation of the anesthetic's effect on physiological responses (cortisol, glucose, lactate) and histopathological changes in gills and liver. To determine the ideal dose, 60 juveniles with an average weight of 96.60 ± 27.70 g were used, submitted to different concentrations of anesthetic: 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0 mg/L. The concentration of 2.5 mg/L was considered as the ideal concentration, providing anesthetic induction and recovery in less time. The evaluation of the anesthetic's effect on the physiological responses and histopathological changes showed that the exposure of juvenile catfish to a concentration of 2.5 mg/L of propofol was sufficient to cause changes in the values of the variables: cortisol, glucose, lactate and histology of liver and gills. However, there was no significant difference in plasma cortisol levels (P>0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The histopathological study revealed mild to moderate changes in the gills (congestion in the lamellar vessels and central vein, epithelial elevation), moderate and severe changes in the liver (congestion and degeneration). Mortality rates were not observed. This study indicates that the 2.5 mg / L dose of propofol provides safe anesthesia in I. punctatus and suppresses the increase in the level of cortisol.

It was an experiment that evaluated the production and quality of silages and determined
agronomic traits of maize varieties with open pollination (VPA) of the Agricultural Research
and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina (Epagri). The experimental design was a
randomized complete block design with a 2x3 factorial scheme, the first factor being the
line spacing (EEL) - 0.7 m or 0.8 m - and the second one the cultivar (SCS-154 Fortuna,
SCS- 155 Catarina or SCS-156 Colorado), with 04 replicates (blocks). The final booth of
plants of was fixed (55,000 plants.ha -1 ). The data were submitted to normality tests and
principal components analysis, followed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test for
comparison of means (p <0.05). The time from the emergence to male flowering (VT) and
up until the silage cut-off point (PCS) was 70 and 101 days, respectively, for SCS-154
Fortuna and SCS-156 Colorado; and 73 and 105 days for SCS-155 Catarina. Fortuna
showed greater leaf participation in the plant structure. There was no statistical difference
for stem diameter and ear length. The largest ear diameter was observed in Catarina with
EEL 0.7 m. Colorado cultivar had lower plant height and lower spike insertion height. The
highest production of green mass and dry mass was for Fortuna and Catarina. The Fortuna,
in the 0.7 EEL, presented the greatest potential of convertion into milk. The estimated cost
of production was higher in Colorado cultivar. Because reach the silage point 04 days
before, and present production, bromatological quality, and cost similar Catarina, the most
suitable cultivar for silage production is the SCS-154 Fortuna.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the temperature (T) of pelleting (60°C or 90°C) and the type of palatabilizer (PTB); sugar or molasses, on n the physical-chemical characteristics of the diet, the performance and blood metabolites of piglets in the nurse phase and the digestibility of the nutrients of the diet. Thirty-two recently-weaned piglets (male and female) were randomly assigned to experimental treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. All animals received the same basal diet. After adaptation, partial fecal samples were collected for five days for digestibility analyzes. For performance evaluation, the animals were weighed at 28, 35 and 40 days of age. Blood collection was performed at the beginning and end of the experiment. The data were submitted to analysis of variance to test the effect of the type of PTB, the T of pelletizing, their interactions and the averages compared by the Tukey test with 5% probability of error. Pelletizing at 90°C increased the durability index of the pellet in treatment with molasses. There was interaction between the type of PTB and T of pelleting on the content of fines, which reduced in treatments with T 90°C and increased in treatments with molasses (P<0.05). There was higher gelatinization of starch in sugar treatments, rather than molasses at 90°C. Also in the processing with higher T, there was increase of the gelatinization of the starch in the diets with sugar. There was no interaction between the type of PTB and T of pelleting on the contents of resistant and non-resistant starch (P>0.05). The type of PTB and T of pelletization did not influence the rates of resistant starch and non-resistant starch. Total starch index was higher in treatments using sugar. The use of molasses promoted higher digestibility of crude energy and mineral matter and pelletizing at 90°C increased the digestibility of Ca, P and mineral matter (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the type of PTB and T of pelleting on the average daily weight gain, total weight gain, blood metabolites, nor PTB or T-type effect of pelleting on these parameters. Although pelleting T had no effect on the serum concentration of the GGT enzyme, the use of molasses reduced GGT levels in the pelleted diet at 60°C. Molasses can replace sugar as a palatabilizer of feed in nurse piglets, without prejudice to the performance of the animals, promoting greater digestibility of crude energy and mineral matter, although it damages the physical-chemical characteristics of the diet. Molasses allowed to explore higher pelletizing temperatures (90°C) in the feed processing, increasing the digestibility of calcium, phosphorus and mineral material of the diets, in relation to the rations submitted to temperature of 60°C.

The objective of the present study was to characterize the socioeconomic and technological profile of the Southern mesoregion producers of the state of Santa Catarina. Following a sampling of 6,5% of total properties per municipality, 95% confidence level, 5% sample error and heterogeneity in the group, data were collected from 308 properties, of which 22 were excluded because they had insuficiente data. The producers were randomly selected and the information extracted through and eletronic form, covering social, economic, technical and tecnological issues. Data were analyzed by factorial, significant, discriminant and cluster analysis. The main activities of dairy cattle were dairy farming, with an average area of 20.79 hectares and na individual production of 12.18 liters per animal per day, in the factorial analysis, the first factor with sanitary control and the food variety of tha animals. The cluster the second factor with sanitary control and the food variety of the animals. The cluster analysis formed three clusters, the first and the second onde, composed by properties, the latter involving more producers. The properties are characterized by low production and there is clearly deficiency in the technical monitoring the producers.

In Brazil since 2009, frequent outbreaks of acute respiratory diseases in swine caused by the influenza A virus (FLUAV) have been reported. Pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1), seasonal influenza viruses, H1N2 and H3N2 are common viruses subtypes in swine herds in Brazil, where they continue to evolve. Most of the studies conducted so far have been on finishing pigs. However, diseases of the respiratory disease complex, such as influenza, are responsible for most of the losses and for the use of pharmaceutical treatment in piglet nurseries. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of FLUAV and detect the infection of FLUAV subtypes in piglet nurseries. The study was carried out in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina, Brazil's largest pork producer and exporter. The nurseries housed a total of 60,000 piglets. For the prediction of the sample, a confidence level of 95%, accuracy level of 5% and a prevalence of 40%, were considered, totaling 423 samples. In all 11 nurseries, FLUAV infection was identified by detection of viral RNA by RT-qPCR in nasal secretion samples (67.4%), as well as the presence of antibodies produced against FLUAV by Elisa, confirmed by HI. Among the pig farms, the mean percentage of seropositive piglets for FLUAV was 66.9%. The HI test revealed a higher prevalence of antibodies in piglets against the H3N2 virus (38.0%), followed by pH1N1 (23.8%) and H1N2 (3.23%). Eighteen out of 33 viruses sampled by nasal swabs (54.5%) subtyped by RT-qPCR were positive for the H3N2 virus (from six nurseries) and nine (27.0%) were positive for pH1N1 (from two nurseries). However, six samples (18.0%) from three nurseries could not be subtyped, probably due to low viral load. Our data also reveal that 10.3% of the swine sampled were exposed to at least two antigens, with different influenza virus strains infecting the pig herd analyzed, causing mixed infections and possibly contributing to viral genetic rearrangements. Our results corroborate the need to understand the evolution of FLUAV subtypes in nurseries to improve infection control and prevent future virus rearrangements that might cause new outbreaks.

The occurrence of vesicular disease in pigs associated with Senecavirus A in the producing region of Santa Catarina caused an increase in the number of notifications to the official animal health defense service in 2015. Faced with subsequent recurrences of the event, the objective of the study was to evaluate the evolution of performance of the state animal health surveillance system in the years subsequent to the base year of the first manifestation of the episode. To this end, the database included in the Continental Epidemiological Surveillance and Surveillance System - SivCont (PANAFTOSA - PAHO/WHO) was used to infer surveillance indicators associated with the sensitivity of the notification process and the efficiency of official visits in order to test hypotheses of difference of certain parameters observed between 2015 and subsequent years. Thus, four statistical models were performed to: test the effect of the year on the probable onset of occurrence; test the effect of the year on the reaction time of the official service; evaluate whether there is an association between the year and the type of outcome of the official investigation (probable case and discarded case of vesicular disease); to evaluate if there is association between the year with the detection of the RNA of Senecavirus A among the laboratory analyzes carried out in the investigations classified as probable cases of vesicular disease. The results showed that, in general, the indicators evaluated worsened after 2015 when compared to the base year: the chances of having reports of late vesicular lesions (> 3 days) were similar; the average reaction time (9 hours) from the official veterinary service to the notification increased by one hour; the chances of cases being considered probable increased 32.3 times, but the prevalence of cases with molecular detection of Senecavirus A was 78% lower. The worsening of the parameters demonstrated the need for improvement in the surveillance system procedures to encompass the endemicity of the Senecavirus A manifestation, without compromising the syndromic focus of its vesicular character.

Rickets is a deficiency pathology that occurs in young and growing animals, leading to poor bone mineralization. Rickets has been reported in several species and cause numerous economic losses. It is caused by of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D nutritional imbalance. The aim of this work was to report two outbreaks of rickets in commercial farms producing piglets in Seara, western region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. In August 2016, the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) Campus Concordia diagnosed outbreaks of rickets in two farms, in pigs in the nursery phase. The clinical history was obtained by interviewing the field veterinarian and the farmer. In the anamnesis, both producers reported that after three months of use of a product blending in the feed (premix) of the same company, the piglets showed forelimbs ataxia and progressive weight loss. Six animals were submitted to necropsy and organs were collected from the abdominal and thoracic cavities, central nervous system and bones; fixed in 10% buffered formalin, routinely processed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological analysis. In addition, samples of the premix were sent to a specialized laboratory to analyze microelements levels through the atomic absorption methodology. At farm 1, there were a batch of 100 animals, the morbidity rate was 15% (15/100) and lethality was 5%. At farm 2, among 30 animals, morbidity and lethality rate were 33% (10/30). Five animals from farm 1 and one animal from farm 2 necropsied showed severe bone fragility and flexibility (6/6), growth plate discontinuity (2/6), and increased volume of costochondral joints (rickety rosary) and epiphyseal cartilage thickening (2/6). Regarding the premix used in both farms the manufactured guarantee 110 g/kg of Ca (minimum), 62 g/kg of total P and 38,400 IU/kg of vitamin D. Meanwhile the analysis of the product used in the feed mixture quantified 74.33 g/kg of Ca (minimum), 22.20 g/kg of total P and 40,098.90 IU/kg of vitamin D. The diagnosis of rickets was established through the association of clinical history, clinical signs, macroscopic, microscopic lesions and nutritional analyzes. The affected piglets weighed approximately 20 Kg of body weight and consumed an average 1.0 Kg of feed daily. The recommended amount of feed consumption for pigs at this stage is approximately 953 grams in the American literature, while national recommendations recommend a consumption of 1.036 grams/animal. Comparing information in the product label and laboratory analyses, the real level of Calcium was 32.4% (35.6 g/Kg) lower in the product, as well as total Phosphorus level, 64.2% (39.8 g/Kg) lower. On the other hand, Vitamin D levels were 4.4% (1698.9 IU) above level of guarantee provided by the company. Rickets in pigs raised intensively in Brazil occur due to non-observance of the minimum levels in the diet of Ca, P and Vitamin D. Although this is an evident conclusion, taking into account the industry's technification in the country, it is not currently expected an error in the formulation of the diet leading to animal mortality and a serious economic loss to farmers.

In animal production, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, together with administration failures, lead to the selection of bacteria resistant to a wide variety of antimicrobials. One strategy is to use products that can improve animal health by reducing the need of antimicrobials such as prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and essential oils. The objective of this study was to compare the use of alternative products with the conventional preventive antibiotic therapy used in feed to growing/finishing phase in pig production. We used 1056 growing and finishing phase pigs from 65 to 190 days old, housed in 2 stall with 48 bays each. Animals were submitted to six treatments with 16 replicates: T1: no antibiotics; T2: antibiotic; T3: prebiotic; T4: probiotic; T5: essential oil; and T6: organic acid. Products were added to the food at the food factory. Individual weightings were performed at each feed change to determine individual weight gain and mean daily gain. Data feed intake and leftover, clinical occurrences, mortality, cough and sneezing index and presence of diarrhea were registered. Animals with clinical signs during treatment were identified in a clinical case file and submitted to antibiotic injectable treatment. At the slaughterhouse, the index of pneumonia and pleurisy (IPP), gastric ulcer index and carcass typing were evaluated. There was no difference (P>0.05) for feed intake conversion ratio between treatments. The mean weight gain was 107.06 ± 0.9 kg, with an average daily gain of 856.49 ± 7.7 g and a mean carcass weight of 92.4 ± 0.7 kg, with no difference (P>0.05). For cough and sneeze index, there was also no significance among the groups tested (P>0.05). The need for injectable medication of animals with clinical symptomatology represented on average R$ 1.98 per animal, and no difference was observed between groups (P>0.05). During the 125 days of the experiment, 27 animals died (2.55%) due to different causes, with no difference between treatments (P>0.05). All treatments were high frequency of IPP (>0.90). Animals used in this study were from the company's conventional production system, therefore, submitted to challenges of infection pressure. Nevertheless, the use of antibiotic therapy in feed and the use of antibiotic alternatives did not bring benefit to the performance of the animals. Results show that reduction and/or withdrawal of antibiotics in pigs' feed can be considered as a future perspective for the production of growing and finishing pigs.

In modern swine breeding, some parameters of production play a fundamental role, among them we can highlight the reproductive efficiency and the impact of having males that have a good fertility. The objective of this work was to analyze the fertility of Landrace breed, through the farrowing rate (FR) and total number of piglets born (TNB) and the relationship with the data obtained in the Genetic Diffusion Unit (UDG) through the CASA system. The study was carried out in a farm core of Landrace females located in Chapecó - SC, the semen doses were from a UDG in Guarapuava - PR. All inseminations were homospermic with intra-cervical deposition at the concentration of three billion mobile spermatozoa per inseminating dose and conditioned between 15-18ºC. We analyzed a period of 24 months and considered only males that had at least 20 females inseminated. In the period there were 1506 females inseminated and 1405 births. For seminal quality, the characteristics of motility, concentration and spermatic pathology were evaluated by the CASA system in natura and after 96 h, the doses were maintained at a temperature of 17 ° C. The laboratory results were included in the analysis to determine the impact on the reproductive potential of the ejaculates of these males. It was verified the existence of individuals who presented high and low fertility. Male FV00103520 presented FR of 94.73 ± 5.26 while NVSG5945 presented a FR 56.66 ± 9.2 (P <0.05). As for the TNB the individual FV00043961 presented 15.52 ± 0.69 while the NVSG5945 5.82 ± 0.73 (P <0.05). Conclusions Low-fertility males bring great impact to the production system. Therefore, working with data from UDGs and even retroactive numbers from farms provides valuable information for making decisions about when to remove an animal from reproduction, as well as to increase the database for geneticists to make their decisions during the animal breeding process of this breed / lineage.

Salmonellosis is one of the most common food-borne diseases in humans, and among animal foods, pork is the third source of contamination. Several factors are related to the dissemination of Salmonella in the farms, among them the ration plays an important role. The feed mills produce large quantities of feed, which supply many farms. Therefore, a contaminated litter has a potential impact of distributing contamination on a lot of properties. Once infected, pigs excrete high concentrations of the agent through feces contaminating the environment and batch mates. In this context, the proposal of the study is to contribute to the control of Salmonella by means of the inclusion of products based on formaldehyde in the diet of pigs in nursery phase. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first of these four different commercial formulas, based on formaldehyde and blends of organic acids had their effectiveness tested against artificial contamination by Salmonella Senftenberg. The product composed of 30% of formaldehyde and 5% of organic acids was the one that presented the best performance, obtained a reduction of 3 log₁₀ and was selected for inclusion diet of piglets in different concentrations 0% (control), 1%, 2% and 3%. What comprehend the second stage of the test. In this study, 336 male pigs of the same genetic strain, with a mean age of 21 days and a mean weight of 6.2 kg, were distributed in 28 pens through a randomized complete block design. For each treatment, 7 replicates were performed with 12 piglets per pen. The commercial liquid product was applied to the feed by liquid spraying. For data collection the animals and the leftover rations were weighed on the day of lodging and at each feeding phase change, 8, 17, 27 and 42 days of lodging. On these occasions, weight gain, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion of pigs were evaluated. Statistical differences (p <0.005) were observed between groups, and the control group presented better zootechnical indexes when compared to the groups that consumed rations treated with different concentrations of formaldehyde. Thus, in spite of the significant control of Salmoenllain the diet, the inclusion of 1% to 3% formaldehyde in the diet of pigs in nursery phase compromises its performance. And so, strategies for controlling foodborne pathogens need to take into account their negative impacts on animal performance.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, qualitative characteristics of the meat and the economicity of beef cattle confined with control diet and whey diet in a completely randomized experimental design with 2 diets and 3 replicates. Twenty four steers, form breed their crosses, with initial live weight of 319.3±11.4 kg and mean age of 11 months, distributed in 6 stalls and fed for 124 days, were submitted to diets offered: concentrate of 40:60, containing 13% crude protein and 68% total digestible nutrients. The diets were composed of corn silage and concentrate, differentiating the whey diet in which was included 14.78% of the dry matter of the whey diet. The results showed similar results (p>.05) of 1.42 kg/day in the average daily weight gain, in the slaughter weight (497±19.94 and 504±21.36 kg), in the carcass weight (279.15±12,54 and 287.77±13.16 kg), in hot carcass yield (56.02±.50 and 56.89±.50%), in the subcutaneous fat thickness (5 25±.92 and 6.50±1.35 mm), in the carcass temperature (7.17±.27 and 7.08±.29 °C), in marbling (8.42±.99 and 7.58±.62), in the meat color values (L* 38.77±0.82 and 38.43± .69; a* 21.09±.58 and 20.02±.58, b* 12.44±.35 and 11.45±.44). Differences (p<.05) between steers fed the control diet and whey were observed in dry matter intake values of 9.39±.15 and 8.40±.14 kg/animal/day and at the pH values observed 6.02±.09 or 6.35±.10, respectively. The economics of the whey diet presented higher profitability than the control diet, with values of R$ 7,213.81 and R$ 3,612.61. The whey inserted into the animals' diet at the inclusion level mentioned in this study did not affect the productive performance and quality of the longissimus thoracis muscle and presented better economic values. The whey can be used in the diet of confined early-cut cattle as an alternative to reduce feed costs.

Wild boars represent a potential source of dissemination of pathogens of importance to public and animal health, since they can be reservoirs of several pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of Santa Catarina, located in southern Brazil. For this study, 61 wild boar tissue and blood samples were collected of hunted for population control from October 2017 to November 2018. The 61 blood serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, yielding the following seroprevalence: porcine circovirus type 2 (52%), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (20%), Influenza A virus (10%), Leptospira spp. (21%) and Hepatitis E virus (14%). For Brucella spp. and classical swine fever were not seroreactive. At necropsy, the main lesions observed were evidence of pulmonary parasites (metastrongylides), hemorrhagic lymph nodes and white-spotted liver. Histopathological analyzes showed mainly interstitial pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and BALT hyperplasia. There was a significant association between metastrongylid pulmonary parasitism and BALT hyperplasia. Pathological findings of wild boars indicate that the individuals assessed were not exposed to notifiable pathogens / diseases, which cause economic damage by non-tariff trade barriers such as classical swine fever, african swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease. However, the detection of antibodies against PCV2 and Mhyo, pathogens that impact commercial production, indicates the circulation of these agents, varying in frequency in wild populations, which characterizes the potential risk of disease/pathogen transmission among domestic swine populations and free-living in both directions. The detection of antibodies against zoonotic agents such as hepatitis E virus, Influenza A virus and Leptospira spp., besides characterizing the circulation of the agents in these populations, suggest a potential risk to public health and/or pig farming, depending on the interactions they establish with the environment, humans and domestic pigs. With the results of this work, it is recommended to increase the biosecurity of commercial farms, as well as care in the handling of carcasses of these animals and the deepening of studies of the health profile of wild boars in Santa Catarina state and in Brazil and its implications for the environment, livestock and public health.

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of swine carcass condemnations for respiratory diseases at slaughter and to associate the impact of climatic risk factors and factors related to farms. The work comprised a retrospective study of 156 swine growth and finishing properties integrated to an agro-industry in the southwest of Goiás State from October 2016 to September 2018. The work period was divided into year 1 (October / 2016 to September / 2017) and year 2 (October / 2017 to September / 2018), as well as the weather conditions were divided into two seasons, dry season (from April to September) and rainy season (from October to March). To analyze the impact of risk factors on convictions, the climate variable was selected according to the dry or rainy season and the factors directly related to the farms: sanitary void (interval between lots) and number of origins distributed in 1; 2-3; 4-5 and over 6 origins. The results of zootechnical indices such as housing weight (Kg), slaughter weight (Kg), daily weight gain (Kg), mortality and feed conversion were also evaluated. For statistical analysis, the SAS® Software v.s. 9.5. was applied with a significance level of 5%. Swine carcass condemnations were found to be higher during dry seasons (P<0.0001), with wet pleuritis accounting for 60.38% of the condemnations. Carcass condemnations were higher in year 2 (P<0.0001) compared to year 1, with wet pleuritis with 74.92% and pneumonia 61.96%. A total of 99.51% of carcass condemned for dry pleuritis were released for consumption, for wet pleuritis or pneumonia, 99.65% and 99.58%, respectively, were for cooked products and 99.51% of carcasses condemneds for pleuropneumonia were intended for grease (P <0.0001). According to the origin of the piglets, the lots from two or more origins obtained higher number of condemned carcasses (P <0.0001) in relation to the single origin farms. Thus, it was observed that the risk factors related to the climatic condition and the number of piglet origins are associated with the prevalence rates of slaughter carcass condemnation.

Chicken Anemia Agent is an acute viral disease, widespread around the world, characterized by temporal aplastic
anemia and severe immunosuppression, making birds susceptible to opportunistic diseases. Only young chicken
present clinical disease, but adult ones could develop the subclinical form. The main objective of this study was
to try to standardize a CAV vaccine titration technique by real time PCR and to correlate the amount of genetic
material present in the vaccine to the animals' serological immune response. 35 6-weeks old SPF birds were
separated into 6 groups and vaccinated with different dilutions of a commercial vaccine, for antibody production
evaluation. Three serum collections were performed at 7, 14 and 21 days post vaccination and simultaneously
with the last collection, the birds were challenged with a dose of a non-attenuated CAV, followed by 3 further
serum and whole blood collections to evaluate antibodies standard and presence of subclinical disease. All
vaccine dilutions were tested on qPCR and the result of CT was compared with antibody titration. Seroconversion
was effective 21 days after vaccination, and only groups GC (without vaccination) and G5 (dilution 10-4)
remained with titration group 0. No birds showed anemia during the evaluation period. Analyzing the influence
of vaccine CT on antibody production, the results showed that for each 1 unit increased in CT, there is a 26%
reduction in the likelihood of occurrence of birds in vaccine groups 3 and 4 and a 24% reduction in groups 1 to 4.
The ideal vaccine CT is 25.96 and 28.87 to have respectively 90% and 80% of animal away of group 0 and 16.63
and 19.29 to have birds in groups 3 and 4. These results demonstrated that it is possible and feasible to use real-
time PCR to perform CAV vaccine titration and that there is a statistically positive correlation between the CT
found in the vaccine and the antibody titer in bird serum.

This work evaluated the water physical chemical parameters, ectoparasite prevalence, haematological characterization and zootechnical performance of  cultivated Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), in three different systems in the Tubarão region - SC. A total of 149,360 tilapia were distributed in nine pounds in 46,710 m² area. The cultivation systems evaluated were: System 1: integrated with swine (using the total manure), System 2: swine integrated (using the solid manure) and System 3: without integration with swine breeding (extensive cultivation). The initial cultivation mean densities were 3.05 ± 0.11; 3.59 ± 0.47 and 1.09 ± 0.54 fishes m^-2 in the systems 1, 2 and 3, respectivaly. Hematological and parasitological analyzes were performed in 90 specimens per treatment (cultivation system), totaling 270 fish. The temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, total sulphide and total iron did not present a significant difference (p>0.05) between the cultivation systems. Nitrogen compounds (ammonia, N-nitrite, N-nitrate) were significantly lower in the extensive system (p<0.05). Silica and phenol were higher in the total manure system (p<0.05). The prevalence of trichodyne and monogenea was higher in the fish gills at the solid manure and total manure system, respectively (p<0.05). No changes were observed in the hematocrit, erythrocytes, basophils, eosinophils and CGE mean between the systems (p>0.05). Neutrophils were present in a greater number (p<0.05) in the extensive system. Thrombocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes were present in less number in the total manure system (p<0.05). The final weight, mean productivity and survival rate were lower in the extensive system (p<0.05). There was no difference in daily weight gain between the cultivations. The solid manure system showed a moderate infestation of ectoparasites, not compromising the haematological parameters, obtaining the best zootechnical indexes, becoming in this way, and the most efficient from the environmental and zootechnical point of view for the Tubarão region.

The worldwide concern regarding the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials used in animal creations, and their consequences due to these excesses are unquestionable. In fact, the activity of active principles has been hampered by the appearance of superbugs, which are becoming more resilient every day. Several factors are related to the increase of bacterial resistance, among them, it is of fundamental importance to highlight the bacteria that have the capacity to form biofilms. Numerous studies indicate that, in this formation, bacteria tend to be more resistant due to their highly organized structure and, consequently, their greater protection from external attacks. Several studies aim to find antimicrobials with equivalent elimination power of important bacteria in the animal sector. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to find an essential oil (OE), which to present relevant bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates in planktonic and sessile form (biofilms). For this, two OEs extracted by hydrodistillation process, and two commercial OEs were selected. With these OEs, tests were performed to verify the efficacy against the bacterium in its planktonic and sessile (biofilm) form. The OEs were tested in three concentrations: 0.4%, 0.8% and 1%, and control (solution without oil). The present study demonstrated the bactericidal capacity of OEs, and with this, a great potential of use as an alternative to antimicrobials in animal production.

The world scenario of pig production has evolved in all its aspects. Market demand for regulations related to animal welfare and improvements in production processes increases significantly each year. It is essential to know the influence of new systems of housing of swine matrices in gestation, on the reproductive performance of these animals and animal welfare, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the housing systems of matrices regrouped in collective bays and cells individual newly inseminated animals, on zootechnical indexes and parameters of well-being. We evaluated the housing systems: covered and housed in collective stalls after three days (G3); covered and housed in collective pens after 35 days of gestation (G35), remaining in individual cells before this period. For the study, a total of 524 females of the Camborough 25 and TOPIGS TN70 strains were used. The insemination protocol was from 0h-24h-48h. Data collection began in May 2017 and ended in March 2018. Throughout the experiment until delivery, information was collected on: number of doses used, pregnancy rate, calving rate and number of live-born piglets. For the evaluation of female welfare parameters, individual observations were made on adapted indicators of Welfare Quality® related to the gestation phase. In the evaluation of the total number of infants, the mean was 14.6 piglets and there was no significant difference among the treatments. There was no influence on the order of delivery in the total number of births. In the evaluation of the pregnancy and parturition rate, there was no significant difference between the treatments, both presenting values above 90%. In the frequency distribution of animal welfare results, the results obtained demonstrated more parameters compromised in the G3 group (pre-implantation regrouped), before and after 35 days of gestation.

The research and study regarding the parasites of domestic animals in the state of Santa Catarina, is still evolving. These results depend upon the presence of several isolated studies in this area, that were carried out by several state research agencies and universities. Since the beginning of the publications until the present time, no work has been published, in a total state scope, that actually reviews or synthesizes any or all available information. This work had had an objective related to the parasites already found in domestic animals, forming only a single document in the state of Santa Catarina. We reviewed parasitology, which satisfied the criterion of presenting the first reports of parasitism in domestic animals in the State, accepted articles were published, a long with technical reports, work exhibited in updated cycles and weeks of academic and master's or doctoral theses. In each species (bovine, dog, goat, equine, domestic chicken, cat, sheep and swine) the parasites were separated by classes (Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda, Acanthocephala, Arachnida, Insecta, Sporozoa). Publications concerning the temporary vectors such as flies and mosquitoes hematophagous, were not included in this study. The first record of parasites in domestic animals in the State of Santa Catarina was done in 1918, when it was reported with a high incidence of Eurytrema pancreaticum in cattle. This work has over  100 studies, of which 21 refer to bovine parasites, 20 canine parasites, eight of goats, 12 of equines, eight of domestic chickens, ten of cats, ten of sheep, and 12 of swine.

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The feedlot of beef cattle is strategic, the investment in animals and feed are the two biggest costs of the system, and the use of the best animals and the maximum use of feed are the key factors for the success of the activity. The gain efficiency can be evaluated by different methodologies, among them body weight (BW) x age, daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), feed efficiency (FE) or residual feed intake (RFI) between others. Any of the parameters used, have positive and negative points, inherent to each evaluation method. For the experiment, feed efficiency was chosen, since it is an objective, reliable method, already used in genetic improvement, of easy replicability, also associated with meat quality. The study sought to verify the existence of factors and their relationships with FE and that could potentially be used to assist identify animals that are more efficient. The measurements of performance, such as, dry matter intake (DMI), measuring also some blood metabolites (erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, leukocytes, cholesterol, glucose, albumin and urea) and the starch content in the faeces and the apparent digestion of the starch. The experiment was carried out in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Fourteen non-castrated male bovine animals in the growing stage were evaluated in the confinement system, commercial cross-breeding of European breeds, with a mean weight of 285±25,17 kg, under conditions of environmental equality and management, fed on a diet based on a high concentrate x voluminous ratio (80:20) for a period of 42 days. As results, it was observed that the animals were distributed in two groups in relation to feed efficiency, being the animals of high efficiency (HE) and the animals of low efficiency (LE). Finding difference between the groups in the DWG parameters (p=0.02), FC (p=0.03) and DMI (p=0.07). The FE had positive correlation with DWG, faecal starch (FS), glucose and DMI. As the main negative correlations, urea, cholesterol and apparent starch digestion. Discriminant analysis was performed for the HE and LE groups, finding the most efficient and inexpensive model (p=0.17, 100% classification). The study found evidence of correlations between FE and zootechnical indexes, blood metabolites and FS, thus showing potential for further investigation in the area, and later used them as auxiliary tools in genetic selection and breeding. Thus, it is easier to identify the most efficient animals in feed conversion, thus reducing risk and increasing the profitability of feedlots of beef cattle.

The objective of this study was to correlate the blood urea concentration with the biochemical parameters of total calcium, magnesium and their influence on subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows, using twenty-seven cows of the Dutch breed, pre-calving the pastures fertilized with swine manure. Samples were collected in each animal from blood samples to obtain serum in the prepartum period (5 to 10 days before delivery) and at 24, 48 and 72 hours postpartum. Body weight, age, calving numbers and urine pH data were collected in prepartum. The biochemical parameters that presented a positive correlation (P<.05) were urea pre-urea24 (r=.34), urea24 with urea48 (r=.48), urea24 with Ca24 (r=. 49), urea24 with Ph urine (r=.38), and urea24 with Mg24 (r=.54). Other positive correlations (P<.05) were verified with pre-Mg and pre-Ca (r=.85), with Mg-24 and Ca 24 (r=.73), pre-Ca with Ca72 (r=.78). Negative correlations (P<.05) were observed for urine pH with pre-Ca (r=-.45), urine pH with Ca48 (r=-.41), Mg48 with Ca72 (r=-.40). There was influence of serum urea concentrations for Mg and Ca 24 hours postpartum.